Denial Of The Holocaust History Essay

Forswearing Of The Holocaust History Essay World War II was a troublesome chance to live in. Families everywhere throughout the world were sending their spouses, children, and siblings off to battle Adolf Hitler and his Nazis. In any case, while they were battling for harmony, numerous others were battling for their lives. In 1941, the start of a terrible occasion happened; the Holocaust. Everything started when the Nazis came into power in Germany. They accepted that Germans were racially prevalent and that the Jews, considered sub-par, were an outsider danger to the supposed German racial network (Holocaust Memorial). Accordingly the Jews were then positioned in ghettos, death camps, or constrained work camps where they either kicked the bucket from malnourishment, imprisonment, abuse, or sickness. Killing of the Jews was a basic piece of the good news of Nazism and inalienable in the center of its ideology (Wigoder 450). Out of the seventy eight individuals in my family, I am the just one to endure. My folks had three youn g men and three young ladies: My folks were Jacob and Toby; my siblings were Moishe and Baruch, and my sisters were Sarah, Rivka and Leah. They were totally executed, claims Holocaust survivor Solomon Radasky (Quotes from Holocaust). Before the finish of the Holocaust, around 6,000,000 Jews were murdered. Despite the fact that there is significant proof that this occasion occured, there are numerous individuals on the planet that accept the Holocaust never truly occurred. Holocaust forswearing started in 1979 when Willis Caro established the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), the home office of Holocaust disavowal. Holocaust forswearing comprises of cases that the massacre of Jews during World War II didn't happen by any means, or that it didn't occur in the way or to the degree generally perceived (Holocaust Denial). David Irving, a mainstream Holocaust denier, asserted in a discourse in Portland, Oregon, Yes, a huge number of individuals were executed, yet there were no processing plants of death (Representative Quotes). Deborah Lipstadt, an American history specialist, creator and Holocaust denier, reports that a 1993 Roper Poll found that twenty two percent of American grown-ups and 20% of American secondary school understudies accept that it is conceivable that the Holocaust didnt occur. A 1993 Newsweek survey found that an entire 40% of American grown-ups express questions with respect to the for the most part acknowledged greatness of the Holocaust (Austin). Key components of Holocaust refusal claims are the dismissal of the accompanying: that the German Nazi government had a strategy of purposely focusing on Jews for annihilation as a people and that decimation was done at elimination camps utilizing instruments of mass homicide, for example, gas chambers (Holocaust Denial). So as to come to their meaningful conclusions, deniers focus on their rivals powerless focuses, while once in a while saying anything complete regarding their own position. Holocaust deniers underscore the irregularities between onlooker accounts, for instance (Shermer 212). Most accept that observer accounts are extremely useful when making a contention; they furnish us with their encounters and contemplations on the issue. They disclose to us tales about what had befallen them, their companions, their families, and others that experienced similar encounters. However, Elizabeth Loftus, a widely acclaimed memory master and University of Washington brain science teacher, found that a people memory isn't as dependable as the vast majority of us think (182). As new odds and ends of data are included into long haul memory, the old recollections are evacuated, supplanted, folded up, or pushed into corners (Loftus 20). Since this turned into a practical chance, numerous Holocaust deniers utilize this for their potential benefit by revealing to Holocaust survivors that what had befallen them was all in their minds; that it never happened. For instance, on Marc h 14, 1994, Michael Shermer, the creator of Why People Believe Weird Things, went on the Phil Donahue show to talk about Holocaust disavowal with Bradley Smith and David Cole, two Holocaust deniers. The two of them concentrated on denying that gas chambers and crematoria were utilized for the mass homicide of Jews. During the show, Smith said something that it was a lie about the Germans cooking Jews to make soup out of them. This case sent a Holocaust survivor, Judith Berg, on the edge asserting that this announcement was valid. She went ballistic when Smith kept denying that what had befallen her and what she had seen for a while was reality. Smith utilized her agitation against her to cause her to show up as though she was lying. He turned her words, just as Shermers hardly any endeavored musings in the conversation, to assist him with demonstrating his point. Another assaulting point during this program was the conversation of gas chambers. Numerous overcomers of the Holocaust talk about the gas chambers. Gas chambers are professed to be one of the main source of death in fixation and killing camps during the Holocaust. Judith Berg, the survivor that showed up on the Phil Donahue appear, guaranteed she lived close to the crematorium in Auschwitz, where she went through a while. I lived close to the crematorium to the extent I am from you. You could never eat broil chicken in the event that you had been there (Phil). It is a marvel to numerous people how deniers can guarantee that the killing of Jews by gas chambers never happened when these offices despite everything exist right up 'til the present time (Shermer 227). One of the main Holocaust deniers, Fred A. Leuchter, Americas driving master on the plan and manufacture of execution gear, was interested about the gas chambers. In 1988, Leuchter scratched tests from the gas chamber dividers in Auschwitz, Birkenau and Lublin. Cyanide buildup would be obviously apparent o n every one of these dividers if gassings occurred. To his shock, Leuchter found no noteworthy cyanide follows in any of these rooms. In 1991, the Polish government rehashed these tests to invalidate Leuchters discoveries, yet they too found no proof of any gassings ever happening (Hoax). It likewise created the impression that the structure of these gas chambers was additionally very defective. The rooms obviously had common entryways and windows which are not fixed. There are enormous holes between the floors and entryways. On the off chance that the Germans had endeavored to gas anybody in these rooms, they would have kicked the bucket themselves, as the gas would have spilled and sullied the whole zone. Additionally, no hardware exists to fumes the air-gas blend from these structures. Nothing was made to present or convey the gas all through the chambers. There are no arrangements to forestall buildup of gas on the dividers, floors or roofs. No fumes stacks have ever existed (Ho ax). In addition to the fact that survivors claim that gas chambers existed monitors have admitted to the gassings also. Pery Broad, a SS Unterscharfã ¼hrer, was caught by the British on May 6, 1945. After his catch, he composed a diary that was given to the British Intelligence Service. In his journal, he portrayed in detail the gassing system, including the utilization of Zyklon-B and the plan of the uncovering room, gas chambers, and crematorium (Shermer 230). Deniers excuse admissions like Broads since they think the gatekeepers that have admitted to gassing were either constrained into an admission or made up the case for unusual mental reasons. Wide additionally asserted that the gassing procedure just took around four minutes to finish. Deniers bring up this since it is at chances with the announcements of others, for example, Commandant Hoess, who guarantee it was progressively similar to twenty minutes. As a result of such errors, deniers excuse the record altogether. Twelve dis tinct records give twelve unique figures for time of death by gassing, so deniers accept nobody was gassed by any stretch of the imagination. Clearly, the gassing procedure would take various measures of time because of varieties in conditions, for example, temperature, the quantity of individuals, the room size and the measure of Zyklon-B filled the room (230). It appears like Holocaust deniers flourish with the irregularities of observers to demonstrate their focuses. Conceded onlooker records of the Holocaust may not be the most ideal approach to demonstrate what occurred since memory is lost or misshaped with time. Elizabeth Loftus concedes that onlooker accounts are defective in light of the fact that each time we review an occasion, we should remake the memory, and with every memory the memory and reality might be changed hued by succeeding occasions, different people groups memories or suggestions㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦ Truth and reality, when seen through the channel of our recollections, are not objective but rather emotional, interpretive real factors (Loftus 20). In any case, what Holocaust deniers overlook is that there are a lot of different approaches to demonstrate that the Holocaust existed, for example, pictures, recordings, and leftovers from the offices utilized during the Holocaust. There are relatively few of the above left because of the way that the Nazis attempted their best to disguise the wrongdoings they had submitted after the war. To begin with, they restricted the set up account of their wrongdoing to a base. Second, they misrepresented the record, to the extent that specialized and associations made its reality fundamental. What's more, ultimately, they annihilated the pointless and the most implicating piece of the record, when it had filled its need, in the last period of the Third Reich. They demolished not just records, they likewise devastated the mass executing device and exchanged the observers (Denial). Despite the fact that there isn't as much proof as there was during World War II, what remains is sufficiently still to demonstrate that it existed. In the event that there is a gallery committed to the Holocaust, how might anybody say that it doesnt exist? The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, found in Washington DC, is a living dedication to the Holocaust. It has shows containing in excess of 900 curios, 70 video screens, and four auditoriums that incorporate notable film. A portion of the recordings in plain view inside the historical center are of the experimentation just as the execution that was performed on the Jews inside death camps. These recordings ar

Nicholas Carr vs Steven Pinker Essay

There is no uncertainty about it that in today’s age the Internet is a standout amongst other exceptional manifestations concocted. By essentially having a PC, mobile phone, tablet, ect, anybody and everybody can get to the Internet. Be that as it may, can this incredible yet basic creation drastically affect how the new age works today? The whole world is quickly getting fixated; wherever you look you’re bound to see something identified with the Internet. Web indexes, messaging, twittering, blogging; to give some examples. We have all known about at any rate one of those web benevolent applications. In any case, can those applications become excessively inviting to where they are an interruption to the youthful psyche? Will those applications impede how the human cerebrum capacities? There are various contentions, perspectives and explanations with respect to such a significant inquiry. Two authors that I explored share their suppositions and perspectives dependent on how the web has influenced others insight today. These two authors pass by the name of Nicholas Carr and Steven Pinker. Without having any information on what the articles are around one just needs to peruse there titles to recognize the contrasts between the two. Where as Nicholas Carr’s article is named, â€Å"Does the Internet Make You Dumber? † Steven Pinker’s article is named, â€Å"Mind over Mass Media†. The two scholars have totally various sorts of titles however one can expect that they are reacting to a similar subject. After altogether perusing the two articles, Nicholas Carr and Steven Pinker have totally various perspectives when it boils down to how the web impacts others. Initially, Nicholas Carr addresses intensely how in truth the web makes you more idiotic. All through the article he gives instances of studies planned for demonstrating how the web doesn’t decidedly add to the mind by any means. As expressed from the article Nicholas Carr clarifies how â€Å"People who read text studded with joins, understand not exactly the individuals who read conventional straight content. How, individuals who watch occupied media introduction recall not exactly the individuals who learn in an increasingly quiet and centered manner†. Which are all really clear that the impact that the web has on the psyche is very exceptional. Then again, Steven Pinker’s article emphatically differs at the way that the web influences the human mind. His cautious focuses fundamentally clarify how without the web a ton of today revelations and new developments wouldn’t be conceivable. Additionally he protects the way that interruption or dependence is definitely not another marvel. Whether or not the web is a well known utility or not, interruption would even now be a happening issue. It is cited: â€Å"If electronic media were risky to insight, the nature of science would fall. † Also, â€Å"Yes the steady appearance of data bundles can be diverting or addictive, particularly to individuals with a lack of ability to concentrate consistently clutter. However, interruption is certainly not another marvel. The arrangement isn't to lament innovation yet to create systems of poise as we do with each other allurement throughout everyday life. † Steven Pinker is attempting to get the peruser to comprehend that the web doesn’t basically make you more idiotic however it pivots at one’s ability to focus. Outside of the web interruptions are normal all over the place. One can get diverted by their activity, guardians, work, web, ect. Due to these interferences Steven Pinker’s makes it realized that all interruptions require discretion. On the off chance that one doesn’t have discretion over an issue they will get dependent. Ultimately my exploration wasn’t over. It wouldn’t be correct on the off chance that I didn’t hear a third point of view to help give some additional investigation. A third essayist that I went over was a lady named Sherry Turkle. Sherry Turkle has composed a famous novel named â€Å"Alone Together†. In the novel Alone Together creator Sherry Turkle clarifies a third totally unique worry on how innovation influences the normal American. This worry is with respect to how people will wind up alone together in light of the fact that innovation has removed up close and personal connections. That society hopes for something else from innovation and less from one another. Throughout the years Sherry Turkle has inspected how innovation has endangered the genuine importance of hands on correspondence. In spite of the fact that she doesn't specify how the web may meddle with learning or cerebrum capacities she does in any case presents other incredibly significant elements. All in all, in examination of the two essential articles that I investigated I would eventually need to concur with the Nicholas Carr piece. I feel as though the Nicholas Carr piece will persuade more individuals. His article contrasted with Steven Pinker’s has a ton of genuine investigations and realities. His examinations included one led at Cornell University, where they directed the PC experience, which looked at the impact of understudies who contemplated using the customary strategy for the library and the individuals who read utilizing the PC for research, with the end that the individuals who considered utilizing the library grades were higher; concentrates from Stanford where they led a performing multiple tasks preliminary, likewise, concentrates from the University of California in San Francisco where they led a cerebrum analyze. Where, Steven Pinker’s article puts on a show of being a conclusion piece with next to zero foundation data or supporting references. I would need to accept that the brain is in actuality over broad communications yet Steven Pinker’s article doesn’t shield his title emphatically by any stretch of the imagination. In this manner, leaving me with the end that the web is a significant interruption, can upset how I think carefully appropriately, and can risk my in person relational abilities that I have accessible.

The Reconstruction Era Essays - Reconstruction Era, Andrew Johnson

The Reconstruction Era The Civil War was probably the bloodiest war in American history. Its harm to America was significant. It tore at the very fiber of America itself. The Reconstruction Era anyway was as harming to America as the Civil War itself. Its harm has its underlying foundations in the reasons America went to common war. In the time paving the way to the Civil War the south was miserable so they chose to leave the Union. They thought it was alright to leave on the off chance that they were miserable, while the North idea it wasn't right. So the different sides did battle. After everything was said and done the North had won and now confronted the troublesome errand of reincorporating the South in to the Union by and by, just as reconstructing the South in the wake of being destroyed by the war. It was generally accepted that Reconstruction was effective, when truth be told, as expressed by Eric Foner, it was a finished disappointment. It changed next to no in the South. After the Civil War, America was a country in emergency. The emergency that was looked by all America tore somewhere down in to regular daily existence. The emergency looked by Congress was how to manage the states that had left the Union. In what capacity would it be advisable for them to be allowed in; would it be a good idea for them to be allowed in by any means; what do they need to do so as to be readmitted in to the Union? These were a portion of the inquiries that preceded congress alongside how they could keep the agitator chiefs out of capacity to keep this from happening once more. In the event that the Confederate chiefs were to be disregarded would they attempt to revolt by and by? Another issue looked by America was the way that Abraham Lincoln was dead and now Andrew Johnson was President. Neither the North nor the South preferred him. His arrangements on Reconstruction upset such a significant number of that Congress endeavored to reprimand him, missing the mark by one decision on the important 2/3 of Congress expected to impugn a president. Johnson was a Southerner who was in office when the war broke out, got found conflicting with the South. This quickly estranged him from the South, while during Reconstruction Johnson acquitted a considerable lot of the Confederate heads Congress wanted to rebuff. That estranged him from the North. Obviously the enormous issues of Reconstruction were that the North and South were at chances against one another. They didn't care for each other nor did they care about what befell the opposite side. As a matter of fact the North had an enthusiasm for seeing the South become increasingly modern like the North. With that there was the issue of the freedmen, the Southerners didn't consider them to be a piece of society and regarded them all things considered. In the start of Reconstruction, the blacks had the option to partake in government and even hold office, however because of the failings of Johnson's Reconstruction arrangement, the manor proprietors who were once in charge before were currently in power once more. So in all actuality following a few years the South had not transformed the slightest bit. Dark abuse proceeded after the war, with the death of the fourteenth amendment blacks were to be given the option to cast a ballot. Be that as it may, the Southern whites discovered approaches to ransack the Freedmen out of their entitlement to cast a ballot. The set up education tests and concocted Grandfather decides and things of that nature. They utilized any methods important to keep blacks from casting a ballot. The whites even isolated schools and wellsprings and other open spots. They even utilized dread to scare blacks in to accommodation; this is the place the Ku Klux Klan came in. They were begun as a southern organization that advanced in to a loathe club, for absence of a superior term. They looked to dispose of all that were false southerners. They executed, beat, and tormented transparently and energetically. They had political sponsorship and in certain towns even chose the result of decisions. They were permitted to do the entirety of their exercises since they embodied what Southerners at the time accepted. They became well known in light of the ill will showed by each side. Recreation was an express disappointment that caused numerous issues for America in the years that

Making Sense of Since

Understanding Since Understanding Since Understanding Since By Maeve Maddox Some of the time a word that is clear in one setting, may make uncertainty in another. Consider the accompanying extract from an expert paper audit of Hotel for Dogs. The story follows 16-year-old Andi (Emma Roberts) and her 11-year-old sibling Bruce (Jake T. Austin) who, since the demise of their folks, have lived in five cultivate homes more than two years. Each move is trying as they need to discover approaches to sneak their enchanting Jack Russell terrier Friday, an individual from their family since more joyful occasions, into each new family. On the off chance that you havent seen the film, would you be able to tell from this passage if the kids had the canine before their folks kicked the bucket? Dont study it. Simply base your impact on one fast perusing. The first occasion when I read it, I thought it implied that theyd had the canine before the guardians passed on, however as I went on with the survey, I started to think about whether the kids had obtained the pooch subsequent to being sent into child care. In the two expressions, the word since is a relational word. The OED gives two implications for since as a relational word: 1. Ever or consistently from (a predetermined time, and so on.) till now. 2. During the period between (a predefined time) and now; sooner or later ensuing to or after. OED In the expression since the demise of their folks, the since marks a particular beginning stage. In the expression since more joyful occasions, the timespan is uncertain. This since could, similar to the first since, mark a beginning stage resulting to the upbeat occasions appreciated with their folks, or it could show a prior beginning stage, during the glad occasions. I havent seen the film, so to make sense of the journalists proposed meaning, I googled (Oh, dear. I made a Google search of) They had a pooch named Friday and discovered this refreshingly unambiguous proclamation in an audit composed by a secondary school senior: At the point when their folks were as yet alive they had a canine named Friday and after their folks died they kept the pooch Janeane White Only one out of every odd peruser would have experienced issues with this passage, however at any rate one did. What's more, in the event that one peruser lurches, its feasible that others will. To maintain a strategic distance from disarray, its presumably a smart thought for an essayist to abstain from utilizing a similar word twice in a similar passage, particularly words that have more than one importance, anyway slight the distinction. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the Misused Words classification, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:100 Words for Facial ExpressionsSelect versus SelectedList of Prefixes and Suffixes and their Meanings

Norse Mythology :: essays research papers fc

The book entitled "Norse Mythology" by Karl Mortensen, is the book I decided to peruse for my first book report for this semester. The book was interpreted from the Danish by A. Clinton Crowell. Karl Mortensen was a specialist of reasoning whom gone to the University of Copenhagen. The initial segment of the book is the general presentation. Here, you discover the creator's importance of "Norse mythology" and where he got his data. He says, By "Norse mythology" we mean the data we have concerning the strict originations and utilizations of our barbarian ancestors, their confidence and way of loving the divine beings, and furthermore their legends and tunes about the divine beings furthermore, legends. The importation of Christianity drove out the old barbarian confidence, however remainders or recollections of it since a long time ago suffered in the offbeat thoughts of the average citizens, and can even be followed in our own day. In the general presentation, the creator tells us why we show Norse folklore. He reveals to us that for us, Norse folklore has regardless the bit of leeway of being the religion of our own progenitors, furthermore, through it we figure out how to realize that religion. This is important on the off chance that we wish to comprehend the history and verse of our vestige furthermore, to fathom what great qualities and what flaws Christianity experienced when it was declared in the North. At long last, it is important to know the most significant purposes of the barbarian confidence of our dads so as to appreciate furthermore, appreciate huge numbers of the expressions of our best artists. "Norse Mythology" is included four principle areas. The principal area contains the creation legend, which is amazingly befuddling in light of the fact that it talks about sibling's auntie's cousin's youngsters from second relationships and what significance they were in those brilliant occasions. It's very difficult to comprehend, furthermore, I had to peruse it over twice to ensure I comprehended. The second piece of the first area talks about the formation of the divine beings and the tales of their lives. What's more, the last part is entitled Ragnorak, which represents the adversaries of the divine beings. The entirety of this was very fascinating to peruse. The second area of the book discusses basic mainstream thinking. It says that our progenitors, as other rapscallion individuals, discovered one of the plainest verifications of the spirit's freedom of the body and its capacity to take a submit the undertakings of living men in the bad dream and dream, as they come up short on every single other mean of clarifying those things. They in this way took it for allowed that they were spirits, typically as creatures or on the other hand men.

What I Remember From New Student Orientation

What I Remember From New Student Orientation I know that New Student Orientation is a while from now, but it will probably be here before you know it. So, I thought I would share what I remember from my New Student Orientation, even though it was almost three years ago. If I remember anything, it was that everyone that I interacted with was exceedingly nice. Everybody seemed so welcoming, which frankly, is a good representation of my time here at Illinois. I remember that we went to a New Student Welcome and ate lunch. However, what I remember the most is that I got to meet with my advisor for the first time. My first advising experience was a very positive one, and I ended up with a great schedule my first semester. If you would like to read more about my advising experiences, you may want to check out this post  ,  this post, and this post. My advice on New Student Orientation would be to just enjoy it! I think that it is a good preview of some of what you can expect as a student here, and I remember feeling glad that the people that I met seemed genuinely interested in my success at Illinois. Enjoy yourselves, and please  let me know if you have any questions about New Student Orientation! Sarah Class of 2018 I'm from Grand Rapids, Michigan. I'm majoring in Communication in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences.

Medical Practice During Civil War - Free Essay Example

The Civil war was one of the bloodiest battles in history, but the majority of the deaths came from infection and disease, not from perishing in battle. With the lack of medical knowledge of the time, disease was a soldiers worst enemy, no matter what side of the war they were on. Due to this lack of knowledge, 63% of all deaths (224,586 deaths) to Union soldiers and an estimated 64% of Confederate deaths were due to disease. The Southern states data is estimated, but they sustained heavy losses compared to the north, especially to their young male population. The Souths army consisted of many younger men (youngest being 16 years old) and through combat, infection, and disease nearly all of the youth in the southern states was wiped out. These unfathomable losses to the Confederate and Union armies caused heartbreak and advancement in medical knowledge. Union and Confederate physicians learned how to tend to their patients regardless of the atmosphere and worked hard and passionately. Even with the tenacity of the physicians, they still lost the battle against diseases time and time again. Throughout this battle, the medical professionals learned skills that they would be able to put into use later in their practice. Collective medical knowledge in the form of cures, proper hygiene, and health-based infrastructure was also gained from the war that advanced America into the next period of medicine. This paper will cover the types of infections and diseases prevalent during the Civil War and how they were treated during the war, along with how the war changed the treatment and prevention of infection and disease. Some of the main infections and diseases that tore through the ranks of Union and Confederate soldiers include; pneumonia, yellow fever, influenza, bronchitis, gangrene, bacteremia, typhoid, diarrhea/dysentery, smallpox, and malaria. Many of these diseases were preventable if the correct prevention steps were taken. For example, typhoid could have been prevented if the water sources were protected properly from defecation and waste. Malaria could also have been prevented through the use of quinine. Many of these deaths occurred due to the fact that American practitioners at the time did not know how to treat or prevent these diseases. The only infection that had a useful vaccine was smallpox, with a few other diseases like malaria not having well-established cures. Many of these deaths due to disease could also have been prevented with proper training of sanitation procedures. Some of the sanitation issues include latrines too close to water sources, slaughter pens near mess areas, and soldiers sleeping with all their clothes on to stay warm. While these sanitation concerns did aid in the spread of disease, a large portion of the infected individuals came from injuries they had received in combat. It was estimated that there was a total of 221,000 soldiers wounded in the war. Most of the wounded went to army hospitals where they would be exposed to more disease that lay prevalent in the hospitals. Disease was so common in Civil War hospitals that medical personnel would put out chemicals like alcohol, bromine, carbolic acid, mercuric chloride, and sodium hypochlorite to freshen the air. This helped to not only deodorize the air but to clean it of diseases. In the book called Reminiscence of the Hospitals of Columbia, S.C. During the Four Years of the Civil War by Campbell Bryce, many stories are told of poor hospital conditions. One story speaks about a sixteen-year-old boy who was on the road for four days to the Columbia hospital due to there not being room at a Richmond hospital for him. He had a blister that had not been removed in Richmond by accident and due to the motion of the long ride, it had multiplied into six blisters that were said to be filled with life (infection). The nurses at the hospital took off his soiled clothes, put him in a warm bath and dressed his blisters, even though they knew he will most likely not make it. After suffering for a week, he died from his ailments. Bryces book is covered with heartbreaking stories of disease and infection like this, which helps to paint a picture of just how unsanitary these hospital conditions were. In order to prevent death from infection and disease in many of these hospitals, surgeons generally opted to remove the infected area from the patient as soon as possible. Generally, this was done through amputation. Three-quarters of all operations were amputations, totaling approximately 60,000 amputations. These amputations were generally preventative because if the infected area was not removed the patient would most likely die from the infection. This was shown in an excerpt from the United State Service Magazine. The journal article was written by a hospital surgeon who references doing procedures on patients and the reactions from each patient. The patients referenced in the journal article work to paint a vivid picture of the struggles of these amputees during their operations. One of the stories written was about a soldier with a thigh injury caused by a cannonball. The doctor stated that the patient was almost a hopeless case whether the limb was amputated or treated. The d octor decided the best chance was to remove the limb after the patient broke into tears and proclaimed: Oh, doctor, for Gods sake save my life, for I am not fit to die! But sadly, after his operation, he passed away. The stigma around many of the Civil War army surgeons of the time is that they had very little training, were clumsy and were not very knowledgeable in medicine and hygiene. Because of this, war zones were a medical disaster. While some of this may be true, most of the Civil War physicians were sincere and very hard working. They knew how to tend to injuries like fractures, amputations, and general wound care. The issue did not come from their lack of surgical knowledge as much as their lack of hygiene knowledge. These battlefield injuries were done hastily, and physicians almost never worried about strict hygiene, which led to infection and the eventual death of many of their patients. Most of the individuals in the medical community at the time gained their knowledge through apprenticeships. Because of this, there was a massive need for university-educated medical doctors to help in the diagnosing and treatment of diseases. Because of this ill-preparedness and lack of knowledge, th ere was a surge in medical advancements during and after the war in order to keep up with the demand for medicine and patient care. One of the ways these advancements came about was the use of surgeon general sponsored investigations. An example of this is when surgeon general, William Hammond, sponsored a study of the treatment, pathology, transmission, and causes of hospital gangrene. From this study, it was found that bromine was effective in treating gangrene. The procedure used was, to soak the dressings that are used on the patients wounds in bromine. To find these cures, doctors started to use more modern tools like the microscopes. This helped in finding these cures because the doctors were able to look at the disease at a cellular level and make assumptions from their finding that would never have been found from solely studying the patients. The deaths of the soldiers acted as a catalyst for medical research which helped to propel American medicine forward after the war. Another aspect that emerged from the Civil war was ambulance systems. The medical director of the army of the Potomac, Jonathan Letterman, Surgeon General William Hammond, and General George B McClellan worked together to create the ambulance corps. These early ambulance systems would pave the runway for todays modern ambulance services. An example of one of these early ambulances can be seen below in figure 1. These ambulances were horse-drawn and consisted of two trained attendants much like the ambulance systems of today. Surgeon General William Hammond also created the Army Medical Museum after the war. He had a large collection of pathological specimens gathered from surgeons working in the war. This museum eventually became the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology in the twentieth century and became one of the top establishments for researching and consulting in the field of pathology. Prosthetic technology also took a leap forward due to the high number of amputations during the Civil War. Prosthetic limbs were designed to be lightweight, easy to use, durable and comfortable for the amputee. Many returning union soldiers received limbs from the government, but the Confederate veterans did not receive compensation for a prosthetic until the 1880s. Many inventors also created products to help amputees return to normal life. Some of these products include hand-powered tricycles for lower extremity amputees and a combination knife and fork utensil for upper extremity amputees. The death toll from both side due to infections and diseases was 660,000 soldiers at the end of the war. This massive loss to human life was in part due to the severe lapse in knowledge by the medical community at the beginning of the war. Although, the medical professionals who were a part of the Civil War gained valuable knowledge and experience in treating diseases and severe injuries like amputations. This helped to push medical technologies and methods forward and paved the way for many aspects of our medical system today. After the war, these physicians went on to change the world of medicine. They created new types of prosthetics that worked better and were more comfortable for the users. The physicians achieved in curing many of the diseases that plagued their work during the war. Lastly, they worked to create a better, healthier world using knowledge gained from the war. While the path to this knowledge was dark and tragic, it helped to bring about one of the biggest changes in American medical treatment.