Denial Of The Holocaust History Essay

Forswearing Of The Holocaust History Essay World War II was a troublesome chance to live in. Families everywhere throughout the world were sending their spouses, children, and siblings off to battle Adolf Hitler and his Nazis. In any case, while they were battling for harmony, numerous others were battling for their lives. In 1941, the start of a terrible occasion happened; the Holocaust. Everything started when the Nazis came into power in Germany. They accepted that Germans were racially prevalent and that the Jews, considered sub-par, were an outsider danger to the supposed German racial network (Holocaust Memorial). Accordingly the Jews were then positioned in ghettos, death camps, or constrained work camps where they either kicked the bucket from malnourishment, imprisonment, abuse, or sickness. Killing of the Jews was a basic piece of the good news of Nazism and inalienable in the center of its ideology (Wigoder 450). Out of the seventy eight individuals in my family, I am the just one to endure. My folks had three youn g men and three young ladies: My folks were Jacob and Toby; my siblings were Moishe and Baruch, and my sisters were Sarah, Rivka and Leah. They were totally executed, claims Holocaust survivor Solomon Radasky (Quotes from Holocaust). Before the finish of the Holocaust, around 6,000,000 Jews were murdered. Despite the fact that there is significant proof that this occasion occured, there are numerous individuals on the planet that accept the Holocaust never truly occurred. Holocaust forswearing started in 1979 when Willis Caro established the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), the home office of Holocaust disavowal. Holocaust forswearing comprises of cases that the massacre of Jews during World War II didn't happen by any means, or that it didn't occur in the way or to the degree generally perceived (Holocaust Denial). David Irving, a mainstream Holocaust denier, asserted in a discourse in Portland, Oregon, Yes, a huge number of individuals were executed, yet there were no processing plants of death (Representative Quotes). Deborah Lipstadt, an American history specialist, creator and Holocaust denier, reports that a 1993 Roper Poll found that twenty two percent of American grown-ups and 20% of American secondary school understudies accept that it is conceivable that the Holocaust didnt occur. A 1993 Newsweek survey found that an entire 40% of American grown-ups express questions with respect to the for the most part acknowledged greatness of the Holocaust (Austin). Key components of Holocaust refusal claims are the dismissal of the accompanying: that the German Nazi government had a strategy of purposely focusing on Jews for annihilation as a people and that decimation was done at elimination camps utilizing instruments of mass homicide, for example, gas chambers (Holocaust Denial). So as to come to their meaningful conclusions, deniers focus on their rivals powerless focuses, while once in a while saying anything complete regarding their own position. Holocaust deniers underscore the irregularities between onlooker accounts, for instance (Shermer 212). Most accept that observer accounts are extremely useful when making a contention; they furnish us with their encounters and contemplations on the issue. They disclose to us tales about what had befallen them, their companions, their families, and others that experienced similar encounters. However, Elizabeth Loftus, a widely acclaimed memory master and University of Washington brain science teacher, found that a people memory isn't as dependable as the vast majority of us think (182). As new odds and ends of data are included into long haul memory, the old recollections are evacuated, supplanted, folded up, or pushed into corners (Loftus 20). Since this turned into a practical chance, numerous Holocaust deniers utilize this for their potential benefit by revealing to Holocaust survivors that what had befallen them was all in their minds; that it never happened. For instance, on Marc h 14, 1994, Michael Shermer, the creator of Why People Believe Weird Things, went on the Phil Donahue show to talk about Holocaust disavowal with Bradley Smith and David Cole, two Holocaust deniers. The two of them concentrated on denying that gas chambers and crematoria were utilized for the mass homicide of Jews. During the show, Smith said something that it was a lie about the Germans cooking Jews to make soup out of them. This case sent a Holocaust survivor, Judith Berg, on the edge asserting that this announcement was valid. She went ballistic when Smith kept denying that what had befallen her and what she had seen for a while was reality. Smith utilized her agitation against her to cause her to show up as though she was lying. He turned her words, just as Shermers hardly any endeavored musings in the conversation, to assist him with demonstrating his point. Another assaulting point during this program was the conversation of gas chambers. Numerous overcomers of the Holocaust talk about the gas chambers. Gas chambers are professed to be one of the main source of death in fixation and killing camps during the Holocaust. Judith Berg, the survivor that showed up on the Phil Donahue appear, guaranteed she lived close to the crematorium in Auschwitz, where she went through a while. I lived close to the crematorium to the extent I am from you. You could never eat broil chicken in the event that you had been there (Phil). It is a marvel to numerous people how deniers can guarantee that the killing of Jews by gas chambers never happened when these offices despite everything exist right up 'til the present time (Shermer 227). One of the main Holocaust deniers, Fred A. Leuchter, Americas driving master on the plan and manufacture of execution gear, was interested about the gas chambers. In 1988, Leuchter scratched tests from the gas chamber dividers in Auschwitz, Birkenau and Lublin. Cyanide buildup would be obviously apparent o n every one of these dividers if gassings occurred. To his shock, Leuchter found no noteworthy cyanide follows in any of these rooms. In 1991, the Polish government rehashed these tests to invalidate Leuchters discoveries, yet they too found no proof of any gassings ever happening (Hoax). It likewise created the impression that the structure of these gas chambers was additionally very defective. The rooms obviously had common entryways and windows which are not fixed. There are enormous holes between the floors and entryways. On the off chance that the Germans had endeavored to gas anybody in these rooms, they would have kicked the bucket themselves, as the gas would have spilled and sullied the whole zone. Additionally, no hardware exists to fumes the air-gas blend from these structures. Nothing was made to present or convey the gas all through the chambers. There are no arrangements to forestall buildup of gas on the dividers, floors or roofs. No fumes stacks have ever existed (Ho ax). In addition to the fact that survivors claim that gas chambers existed monitors have admitted to the gassings also. Pery Broad, a SS Unterscharfã ¼hrer, was caught by the British on May 6, 1945. After his catch, he composed a diary that was given to the British Intelligence Service. In his journal, he portrayed in detail the gassing system, including the utilization of Zyklon-B and the plan of the uncovering room, gas chambers, and crematorium (Shermer 230). Deniers excuse admissions like Broads since they think the gatekeepers that have admitted to gassing were either constrained into an admission or made up the case for unusual mental reasons. Wide additionally asserted that the gassing procedure just took around four minutes to finish. Deniers bring up this since it is at chances with the announcements of others, for example, Commandant Hoess, who guarantee it was progressively similar to twenty minutes. As a result of such errors, deniers excuse the record altogether. Twelve dis tinct records give twelve unique figures for time of death by gassing, so deniers accept nobody was gassed by any stretch of the imagination. Clearly, the gassing procedure would take various measures of time because of varieties in conditions, for example, temperature, the quantity of individuals, the room size and the measure of Zyklon-B filled the room (230). It appears like Holocaust deniers flourish with the irregularities of observers to demonstrate their focuses. Conceded onlooker records of the Holocaust may not be the most ideal approach to demonstrate what occurred since memory is lost or misshaped with time. Elizabeth Loftus concedes that onlooker accounts are defective in light of the fact that each time we review an occasion, we should remake the memory, and with every memory the memory and reality might be changed hued by succeeding occasions, different people groups memories or suggestions㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦ Truth and reality, when seen through the channel of our recollections, are not objective but rather emotional, interpretive real factors (Loftus 20). In any case, what Holocaust deniers overlook is that there are a lot of different approaches to demonstrate that the Holocaust existed, for example, pictures, recordings, and leftovers from the offices utilized during the Holocaust. There are relatively few of the above left because of the way that the Nazis attempted their best to disguise the wrongdoings they had submitted after the war. To begin with, they restricted the set up account of their wrongdoing to a base. Second, they misrepresented the record, to the extent that specialized and associations made its reality fundamental. What's more, ultimately, they annihilated the pointless and the most implicating piece of the record, when it had filled its need, in the last period of the Third Reich. They demolished not just records, they likewise devastated the mass executing device and exchanged the observers (Denial). Despite the fact that there isn't as much proof as there was during World War II, what remains is sufficiently still to demonstrate that it existed. In the event that there is a gallery committed to the Holocaust, how might anybody say that it doesnt exist? The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, found in Washington DC, is a living dedication to the Holocaust. It has shows containing in excess of 900 curios, 70 video screens, and four auditoriums that incorporate notable film. A portion of the recordings in plain view inside the historical center are of the experimentation just as the execution that was performed on the Jews inside death camps. These recordings ar

Nicholas Carr vs Steven Pinker Essay

There is no uncertainty about it that in today’s age the Internet is a standout amongst other exceptional manifestations concocted. By essentially having a PC, mobile phone, tablet, ect, anybody and everybody can get to the Internet. Be that as it may, can this incredible yet basic creation drastically affect how the new age works today? The whole world is quickly getting fixated; wherever you look you’re bound to see something identified with the Internet. Web indexes, messaging, twittering, blogging; to give some examples. We have all known about at any rate one of those web benevolent applications. In any case, can those applications become excessively inviting to where they are an interruption to the youthful psyche? Will those applications impede how the human cerebrum capacities? There are various contentions, perspectives and explanations with respect to such a significant inquiry. Two authors that I explored share their suppositions and perspectives dependent on how the web has influenced others insight today. These two authors pass by the name of Nicholas Carr and Steven Pinker. Without having any information on what the articles are around one just needs to peruse there titles to recognize the contrasts between the two. Where as Nicholas Carr’s article is named, â€Å"Does the Internet Make You Dumber? † Steven Pinker’s article is named, â€Å"Mind over Mass Media†. The two scholars have totally various sorts of titles however one can expect that they are reacting to a similar subject. After altogether perusing the two articles, Nicholas Carr and Steven Pinker have totally various perspectives when it boils down to how the web impacts others. Initially, Nicholas Carr addresses intensely how in truth the web makes you more idiotic. All through the article he gives instances of studies planned for demonstrating how the web doesn’t decidedly add to the mind by any means. As expressed from the article Nicholas Carr clarifies how â€Å"People who read text studded with joins, understand not exactly the individuals who read conventional straight content. How, individuals who watch occupied media introduction recall not exactly the individuals who learn in an increasingly quiet and centered manner†. Which are all really clear that the impact that the web has on the psyche is very exceptional. Then again, Steven Pinker’s article emphatically differs at the way that the web influences the human mind. His cautious focuses fundamentally clarify how without the web a ton of today revelations and new developments wouldn’t be conceivable. Additionally he protects the way that interruption or dependence is definitely not another marvel. Whether or not the web is a well known utility or not, interruption would even now be a happening issue. It is cited: â€Å"If electronic media were risky to insight, the nature of science would fall. † Also, â€Å"Yes the steady appearance of data bundles can be diverting or addictive, particularly to individuals with a lack of ability to concentrate consistently clutter. However, interruption is certainly not another marvel. The arrangement isn't to lament innovation yet to create systems of poise as we do with each other allurement throughout everyday life. † Steven Pinker is attempting to get the peruser to comprehend that the web doesn’t basically make you more idiotic however it pivots at one’s ability to focus. Outside of the web interruptions are normal all over the place. One can get diverted by their activity, guardians, work, web, ect. Due to these interferences Steven Pinker’s makes it realized that all interruptions require discretion. On the off chance that one doesn’t have discretion over an issue they will get dependent. Ultimately my exploration wasn’t over. It wouldn’t be correct on the off chance that I didn’t hear a third point of view to help give some additional investigation. A third essayist that I went over was a lady named Sherry Turkle. Sherry Turkle has composed a famous novel named â€Å"Alone Together†. In the novel Alone Together creator Sherry Turkle clarifies a third totally unique worry on how innovation influences the normal American. This worry is with respect to how people will wind up alone together in light of the fact that innovation has removed up close and personal connections. That society hopes for something else from innovation and less from one another. Throughout the years Sherry Turkle has inspected how innovation has endangered the genuine importance of hands on correspondence. In spite of the fact that she doesn't specify how the web may meddle with learning or cerebrum capacities she does in any case presents other incredibly significant elements. All in all, in examination of the two essential articles that I investigated I would eventually need to concur with the Nicholas Carr piece. I feel as though the Nicholas Carr piece will persuade more individuals. His article contrasted with Steven Pinker’s has a ton of genuine investigations and realities. His examinations included one led at Cornell University, where they directed the PC experience, which looked at the impact of understudies who contemplated using the customary strategy for the library and the individuals who read utilizing the PC for research, with the end that the individuals who considered utilizing the library grades were higher; concentrates from Stanford where they led a performing multiple tasks preliminary, likewise, concentrates from the University of California in San Francisco where they led a cerebrum analyze. Where, Steven Pinker’s article puts on a show of being a conclusion piece with next to zero foundation data or supporting references. I would need to accept that the brain is in actuality over broad communications yet Steven Pinker’s article doesn’t shield his title emphatically by any stretch of the imagination. In this manner, leaving me with the end that the web is a significant interruption, can upset how I think carefully appropriately, and can risk my in person relational abilities that I have accessible.

The Reconstruction Era Essays - Reconstruction Era, Andrew Johnson

The Reconstruction Era The Civil War was probably the bloodiest war in American history. Its harm to America was significant. It tore at the very fiber of America itself. The Reconstruction Era anyway was as harming to America as the Civil War itself. Its harm has its underlying foundations in the reasons America went to common war. In the time paving the way to the Civil War the south was miserable so they chose to leave the Union. They thought it was alright to leave on the off chance that they were miserable, while the North idea it wasn't right. So the different sides did battle. After everything was said and done the North had won and now confronted the troublesome errand of reincorporating the South in to the Union by and by, just as reconstructing the South in the wake of being destroyed by the war. It was generally accepted that Reconstruction was effective, when truth be told, as expressed by Eric Foner, it was a finished disappointment. It changed next to no in the South. After the Civil War, America was a country in emergency. The emergency that was looked by all America tore somewhere down in to regular daily existence. The emergency looked by Congress was how to manage the states that had left the Union. In what capacity would it be advisable for them to be allowed in; would it be a good idea for them to be allowed in by any means; what do they need to do so as to be readmitted in to the Union? These were a portion of the inquiries that preceded congress alongside how they could keep the agitator chiefs out of capacity to keep this from happening once more. In the event that the Confederate chiefs were to be disregarded would they attempt to revolt by and by? Another issue looked by America was the way that Abraham Lincoln was dead and now Andrew Johnson was President. Neither the North nor the South preferred him. His arrangements on Reconstruction upset such a significant number of that Congress endeavored to reprimand him, missing the mark by one decision on the important 2/3 of Congress expected to impugn a president. Johnson was a Southerner who was in office when the war broke out, got found conflicting with the South. This quickly estranged him from the South, while during Reconstruction Johnson acquitted a considerable lot of the Confederate heads Congress wanted to rebuff. That estranged him from the North. Obviously the enormous issues of Reconstruction were that the North and South were at chances against one another. They didn't care for each other nor did they care about what befell the opposite side. As a matter of fact the North had an enthusiasm for seeing the South become increasingly modern like the North. With that there was the issue of the freedmen, the Southerners didn't consider them to be a piece of society and regarded them all things considered. In the start of Reconstruction, the blacks had the option to partake in government and even hold office, however because of the failings of Johnson's Reconstruction arrangement, the manor proprietors who were once in charge before were currently in power once more. So in all actuality following a few years the South had not transformed the slightest bit. Dark abuse proceeded after the war, with the death of the fourteenth amendment blacks were to be given the option to cast a ballot. Be that as it may, the Southern whites discovered approaches to ransack the Freedmen out of their entitlement to cast a ballot. The set up education tests and concocted Grandfather decides and things of that nature. They utilized any methods important to keep blacks from casting a ballot. The whites even isolated schools and wellsprings and other open spots. They even utilized dread to scare blacks in to accommodation; this is the place the Ku Klux Klan came in. They were begun as a southern organization that advanced in to a loathe club, for absence of a superior term. They looked to dispose of all that were false southerners. They executed, beat, and tormented transparently and energetically. They had political sponsorship and in certain towns even chose the result of decisions. They were permitted to do the entirety of their exercises since they embodied what Southerners at the time accepted. They became well known in light of the ill will showed by each side. Recreation was an express disappointment that caused numerous issues for America in the years that

Making Sense of Since

Understanding Since Understanding Since Understanding Since By Maeve Maddox Some of the time a word that is clear in one setting, may make uncertainty in another. Consider the accompanying extract from an expert paper audit of Hotel for Dogs. The story follows 16-year-old Andi (Emma Roberts) and her 11-year-old sibling Bruce (Jake T. Austin) who, since the demise of their folks, have lived in five cultivate homes more than two years. Each move is trying as they need to discover approaches to sneak their enchanting Jack Russell terrier Friday, an individual from their family since more joyful occasions, into each new family. On the off chance that you havent seen the film, would you be able to tell from this passage if the kids had the canine before their folks kicked the bucket? Dont study it. Simply base your impact on one fast perusing. The first occasion when I read it, I thought it implied that theyd had the canine before the guardians passed on, however as I went on with the survey, I started to think about whether the kids had obtained the pooch subsequent to being sent into child care. In the two expressions, the word since is a relational word. The OED gives two implications for since as a relational word: 1. Ever or consistently from (a predetermined time, and so on.) till now. 2. During the period between (a predefined time) and now; sooner or later ensuing to or after. OED In the expression since the demise of their folks, the since marks a particular beginning stage. In the expression since more joyful occasions, the timespan is uncertain. This since could, similar to the first since, mark a beginning stage resulting to the upbeat occasions appreciated with their folks, or it could show a prior beginning stage, during the glad occasions. I havent seen the film, so to make sense of the journalists proposed meaning, I googled (Oh, dear. I made a Google search of) They had a pooch named Friday and discovered this refreshingly unambiguous proclamation in an audit composed by a secondary school senior: At the point when their folks were as yet alive they had a canine named Friday and after their folks died they kept the pooch Janeane White Only one out of every odd peruser would have experienced issues with this passage, however at any rate one did. What's more, in the event that one peruser lurches, its feasible that others will. To maintain a strategic distance from disarray, its presumably a smart thought for an essayist to abstain from utilizing a similar word twice in a similar passage, particularly words that have more than one importance, anyway slight the distinction. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the Misused Words classification, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:100 Words for Facial ExpressionsSelect versus SelectedList of Prefixes and Suffixes and their Meanings

Norse Mythology :: essays research papers fc

The book entitled "Norse Mythology" by Karl Mortensen, is the book I decided to peruse for my first book report for this semester. The book was interpreted from the Danish by A. Clinton Crowell. Karl Mortensen was a specialist of reasoning whom gone to the University of Copenhagen. The initial segment of the book is the general presentation. Here, you discover the creator's importance of "Norse mythology" and where he got his data. He says, By "Norse mythology" we mean the data we have concerning the strict originations and utilizations of our barbarian ancestors, their confidence and way of loving the divine beings, and furthermore their legends and tunes about the divine beings furthermore, legends. The importation of Christianity drove out the old barbarian confidence, however remainders or recollections of it since a long time ago suffered in the offbeat thoughts of the average citizens, and can even be followed in our own day. In the general presentation, the creator tells us why we show Norse folklore. He reveals to us that for us, Norse folklore has regardless the bit of leeway of being the religion of our own progenitors, furthermore, through it we figure out how to realize that religion. This is important on the off chance that we wish to comprehend the history and verse of our vestige furthermore, to fathom what great qualities and what flaws Christianity experienced when it was declared in the North. At long last, it is important to know the most significant purposes of the barbarian confidence of our dads so as to appreciate furthermore, appreciate huge numbers of the expressions of our best artists. "Norse Mythology" is included four principle areas. The principal area contains the creation legend, which is amazingly befuddling in light of the fact that it talks about sibling's auntie's cousin's youngsters from second relationships and what significance they were in those brilliant occasions. It's very difficult to comprehend, furthermore, I had to peruse it over twice to ensure I comprehended. The second piece of the first area talks about the formation of the divine beings and the tales of their lives. What's more, the last part is entitled Ragnorak, which represents the adversaries of the divine beings. The entirety of this was very fascinating to peruse. The second area of the book discusses basic mainstream thinking. It says that our progenitors, as other rapscallion individuals, discovered one of the plainest verifications of the spirit's freedom of the body and its capacity to take a submit the undertakings of living men in the bad dream and dream, as they come up short on every single other mean of clarifying those things. They in this way took it for allowed that they were spirits, typically as creatures or on the other hand men.

What I Remember From New Student Orientation

What I Remember From New Student Orientation I know that New Student Orientation is a while from now, but it will probably be here before you know it. So, I thought I would share what I remember from my New Student Orientation, even though it was almost three years ago. If I remember anything, it was that everyone that I interacted with was exceedingly nice. Everybody seemed so welcoming, which frankly, is a good representation of my time here at Illinois. I remember that we went to a New Student Welcome and ate lunch. However, what I remember the most is that I got to meet with my advisor for the first time. My first advising experience was a very positive one, and I ended up with a great schedule my first semester. If you would like to read more about my advising experiences, you may want to check out this post  ,  this post, and this post. My advice on New Student Orientation would be to just enjoy it! I think that it is a good preview of some of what you can expect as a student here, and I remember feeling glad that the people that I met seemed genuinely interested in my success at Illinois. Enjoy yourselves, and please  let me know if you have any questions about New Student Orientation! Sarah Class of 2018 I'm from Grand Rapids, Michigan. I'm majoring in Communication in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences.

Medical Practice During Civil War - Free Essay Example

The Civil war was one of the bloodiest battles in history, but the majority of the deaths came from infection and disease, not from perishing in battle. With the lack of medical knowledge of the time, disease was a soldiers worst enemy, no matter what side of the war they were on. Due to this lack of knowledge, 63% of all deaths (224,586 deaths) to Union soldiers and an estimated 64% of Confederate deaths were due to disease. The Southern states data is estimated, but they sustained heavy losses compared to the north, especially to their young male population. The Souths army consisted of many younger men (youngest being 16 years old) and through combat, infection, and disease nearly all of the youth in the southern states was wiped out. These unfathomable losses to the Confederate and Union armies caused heartbreak and advancement in medical knowledge. Union and Confederate physicians learned how to tend to their patients regardless of the atmosphere and worked hard and passionately. Even with the tenacity of the physicians, they still lost the battle against diseases time and time again. Throughout this battle, the medical professionals learned skills that they would be able to put into use later in their practice. Collective medical knowledge in the form of cures, proper hygiene, and health-based infrastructure was also gained from the war that advanced America into the next period of medicine. This paper will cover the types of infections and diseases prevalent during the Civil War and how they were treated during the war, along with how the war changed the treatment and prevention of infection and disease. Some of the main infections and diseases that tore through the ranks of Union and Confederate soldiers include; pneumonia, yellow fever, influenza, bronchitis, gangrene, bacteremia, typhoid, diarrhea/dysentery, smallpox, and malaria. Many of these diseases were preventable if the correct prevention steps were taken. For example, typhoid could have been prevented if the water sources were protected properly from defecation and waste. Malaria could also have been prevented through the use of quinine. Many of these deaths occurred due to the fact that American practitioners at the time did not know how to treat or prevent these diseases. The only infection that had a useful vaccine was smallpox, with a few other diseases like malaria not having well-established cures. Many of these deaths due to disease could also have been prevented with proper training of sanitation procedures. Some of the sanitation issues include latrines too close to water sources, slaughter pens near mess areas, and soldiers sleeping with all their clothes on to stay warm. While these sanitation concerns did aid in the spread of disease, a large portion of the infected individuals came from injuries they had received in combat. It was estimated that there was a total of 221,000 soldiers wounded in the war. Most of the wounded went to army hospitals where they would be exposed to more disease that lay prevalent in the hospitals. Disease was so common in Civil War hospitals that medical personnel would put out chemicals like alcohol, bromine, carbolic acid, mercuric chloride, and sodium hypochlorite to freshen the air. This helped to not only deodorize the air but to clean it of diseases. In the book called Reminiscence of the Hospitals of Columbia, S.C. During the Four Years of the Civil War by Campbell Bryce, many stories are told of poor hospital conditions. One story speaks about a sixteen-year-old boy who was on the road for four days to the Columbia hospital due to there not being room at a Richmond hospital for him. He had a blister that had not been removed in Richmond by accident and due to the motion of the long ride, it had multiplied into six blisters that were said to be filled with life (infection). The nurses at the hospital took off his soiled clothes, put him in a warm bath and dressed his blisters, even though they knew he will most likely not make it. After suffering for a week, he died from his ailments. Bryces book is covered with heartbreaking stories of disease and infection like this, which helps to paint a picture of just how unsanitary these hospital conditions were. In order to prevent death from infection and disease in many of these hospitals, surgeons generally opted to remove the infected area from the patient as soon as possible. Generally, this was done through amputation. Three-quarters of all operations were amputations, totaling approximately 60,000 amputations. These amputations were generally preventative because if the infected area was not removed the patient would most likely die from the infection. This was shown in an excerpt from the United State Service Magazine. The journal article was written by a hospital surgeon who references doing procedures on patients and the reactions from each patient. The patients referenced in the journal article work to paint a vivid picture of the struggles of these amputees during their operations. One of the stories written was about a soldier with a thigh injury caused by a cannonball. The doctor stated that the patient was almost a hopeless case whether the limb was amputated or treated. The d octor decided the best chance was to remove the limb after the patient broke into tears and proclaimed: Oh, doctor, for Gods sake save my life, for I am not fit to die! But sadly, after his operation, he passed away. The stigma around many of the Civil War army surgeons of the time is that they had very little training, were clumsy and were not very knowledgeable in medicine and hygiene. Because of this, war zones were a medical disaster. While some of this may be true, most of the Civil War physicians were sincere and very hard working. They knew how to tend to injuries like fractures, amputations, and general wound care. The issue did not come from their lack of surgical knowledge as much as their lack of hygiene knowledge. These battlefield injuries were done hastily, and physicians almost never worried about strict hygiene, which led to infection and the eventual death of many of their patients. Most of the individuals in the medical community at the time gained their knowledge through apprenticeships. Because of this, there was a massive need for university-educated medical doctors to help in the diagnosing and treatment of diseases. Because of this ill-preparedness and lack of knowledge, th ere was a surge in medical advancements during and after the war in order to keep up with the demand for medicine and patient care. One of the ways these advancements came about was the use of surgeon general sponsored investigations. An example of this is when surgeon general, William Hammond, sponsored a study of the treatment, pathology, transmission, and causes of hospital gangrene. From this study, it was found that bromine was effective in treating gangrene. The procedure used was, to soak the dressings that are used on the patients wounds in bromine. To find these cures, doctors started to use more modern tools like the microscopes. This helped in finding these cures because the doctors were able to look at the disease at a cellular level and make assumptions from their finding that would never have been found from solely studying the patients. The deaths of the soldiers acted as a catalyst for medical research which helped to propel American medicine forward after the war. Another aspect that emerged from the Civil war was ambulance systems. The medical director of the army of the Potomac, Jonathan Letterman, Surgeon General William Hammond, and General George B McClellan worked together to create the ambulance corps. These early ambulance systems would pave the runway for todays modern ambulance services. An example of one of these early ambulances can be seen below in figure 1. These ambulances were horse-drawn and consisted of two trained attendants much like the ambulance systems of today. Surgeon General William Hammond also created the Army Medical Museum after the war. He had a large collection of pathological specimens gathered from surgeons working in the war. This museum eventually became the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology in the twentieth century and became one of the top establishments for researching and consulting in the field of pathology. Prosthetic technology also took a leap forward due to the high number of amputations during the Civil War. Prosthetic limbs were designed to be lightweight, easy to use, durable and comfortable for the amputee. Many returning union soldiers received limbs from the government, but the Confederate veterans did not receive compensation for a prosthetic until the 1880s. Many inventors also created products to help amputees return to normal life. Some of these products include hand-powered tricycles for lower extremity amputees and a combination knife and fork utensil for upper extremity amputees. The death toll from both side due to infections and diseases was 660,000 soldiers at the end of the war. This massive loss to human life was in part due to the severe lapse in knowledge by the medical community at the beginning of the war. Although, the medical professionals who were a part of the Civil War gained valuable knowledge and experience in treating diseases and severe injuries like amputations. This helped to push medical technologies and methods forward and paved the way for many aspects of our medical system today. After the war, these physicians went on to change the world of medicine. They created new types of prosthetics that worked better and were more comfortable for the users. The physicians achieved in curing many of the diseases that plagued their work during the war. Lastly, they worked to create a better, healthier world using knowledge gained from the war. While the path to this knowledge was dark and tragic, it helped to bring about one of the biggest changes in American medical treatment.

Analysis of Hero the Film by Zhang Yimou - 1476 Words

Zhang Yimou’s thrilling film Hero is both an emotional and exhilarating experience. Hero combines the use of action-packed scenes as well as a beautiful love story. Nameless, Broken Sword and Flying Snow, the main characters, team up to eventually kill the King of Qin who had murdered a number of people with the Qin army including both Flying Snow and Nameless’s father. Although the Qin army is an enemy of Broken Sword and Flying Snow’s people, it is a personal issue to assassinate the king. Throughout the film the audience is exposed to the developing love that forms between Broken Sword and Flying Snow. While their love unfolds, many battles of combat arise between enemies and allies. When Nameless joins Broken Sword and Flying Snow,†¦show more content†¦By using this type of editing to include slow motion, the editing expanded chronological time. By expanding chronological time the events of the scene are dragged out so the viewer can see every elemen t and detail of the scene. The way the film maker edited this film allowed the film to display battle scenes and excellent scenery that completed the appearance of the film. Through the use of editing of a film, the filmmaker is able to incorporate special effects, slow motion and expand chronological time in order to give the correct film effect on the audience. The tone of a film is very important to the overall mode and emotion of the movie. The tone of the movie Hero is both romantic as well as action-packed. There are many points throughout the film where the romantic scenes collide with the action-packed scenes to make the film both entertaining and emotional. The relationship between Broken Sword and Flying Snow connects the audience to the intensity of their emotion. Although Broken Sword is more emotional than Flying Snow, the differences between the personalities create the unique romance that carries them throughout the entire film. While the romantic story between the lo ve bird continues until the day they die together, the swift fighting tone of the film is also consistent throughout the film. Whether the three main characters are fighting each other or against theShow MoreRelatedCrouching Tiger and Hidden Dragon a Movie Directed by Ang Lee2055 Words   |  8 PagesBeyond the boundary of East and West Crouching Tiger and Hidden Dragon, one of the most successful and popular Chinese-language movie in the West directed by Ang Lee, was considered as an eastern film for the western audience and a western film for the east. â€Å"I didn’t see any tiger or dragon in Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon; then I get it – they all crouched and hid.† This joke provoked a wave of laughter during an award ceremony in the United States, but my response was a satiric sneer. This

Similarities Between Okonkwo And Things Fall Apart

Shakespeare’s Macbeth revolves around the main character of Macbeth, who plots out a Machiavellian scheme to become king of the realm. Upon becoming king Macbeth attempts to ward off any threat to his reign and succession by all means. In Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart, Okonkwo, the main character, equally does anything and everything to prove his valor. Though set in 11th century Scotland and 19th century Nigeria respectively, and portrayed through the main characters of Macbeth and Okonkwo, the authors of both Macbeth and Things Fall Apart each demonstrate an extensive yet subtle examination regarding the notion of how exorbitant amounts of ambition may corrupt a person and propel them towards destroying entities around them;†¦show more content†¦Unguarded personal ambition may lead to insensitivity and cruelty. Shakespeare presents this view from what Macbeth, who is initially full of human kindness, does once his eyes are set on the crown. He had earlier said in an aside that â€Å"If chance will have me king, why, chance may crown me† (Shakespeare Act I Scene III). Macbeth, persuaded by his wife, does not wait for chance to crown him king. In a letter to his wife Macbeth tells her to rejoice and not be ignorant of the promised greatness. To this promise she laments, in a soliloquy (Shakespeare Act I Scene V) in which she remarks that the kind nature of her husband may hold him from fulfilling what fate had bestowed upon him. She attempts to and succeeds in talking Macbeth into killing the king of the realm. Macbeth’s cruelty and murderous tendencies in pursuit of greatness are further demonstrated by the ruthless execution of the two chamberlains upon whom the daggers that killed the king are found. He attributes this inhuman act to his rage and fury. In Things Fall Apart, Achebe exposes Okonkwo’s recklessness, coldness and harshness. Okonkwo commits the unimaginable during the Week of Peace; he heavily beats his youngest wife. â€Å"In his anger, he had forgotten that it was the Week of Peace† (Achebe 21). It is safe to say that these occurrences easily suffice as proof of how uncontained ambition can effortlessly corrupt people into acting selfishly, callously and immorally. The main charactersShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Novel Things Fall Apart 1100 Words   |  5 Pagesare beliefs, priorities, and or activities that people find importance in. In the 1959 novel â€Å"Things Fall Apart† written by Chinua Achebe, the concentration is on the nine Ibo-speaking villages of Umuofian, which means People of the Forest†. Umuofian is the village in which Okonkwo, the protagonist, thrives in everything and is able to secure his manly position in the tribe. There are little similarities and many differences in the values of an American society and the values of a traditional UmuofianRead MoreAn Exploration of Proverbs in Things Fall Apart by Achebe Essay974 Words   |  4 Pagesshort sentence based on long experience† (. In Things Fall Apart, proverbs are mainly used in the development of the important characters. Through proverbs used in character development, Achebe shows the distinct similarities and differences between the protagonist, Okonkwo, and two other important characters, Nwoye and Obierika. Achebe uses the proverb When a man says yes his chi says yes also in the character development of Okonkwo. Okonkwo is a very successful man in his village of UmoufiaRead More People Fall Apart in Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe Essay1668 Words   |  7 PagesPeople Fall Apart in Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe   Ã‚   Karl Marx believed that all of history could be reduced to two tiny words: class struggle. In any period of time a dominant class exploits a weaker class. Marx defines a dominant class as one who owns or controls the means of production. The weaker class consists of those who dont. In Marxs day, the age of Almighty Industry, the means of production were factories. But as a literary theory Marxism needs no factories to act as meansRead MoreOkonkwo And Wang Lung From The Good Earth And Okonkwo From Things Fall Apart1242 Words   |  5 Pages Compare and Contrast Okonkwo and Wang Lung Wang Lung from â€Å"The Good Earth† and Okonkwo from â€Å"Things Fall Apart† are both very similar characters. They both have a similar story and beliefs, yet they are quite different in regards to how their stories play out and how they value their beliefs in the end. This paper will look at both of the characters traits and stories to examine how they compare and contrast and how it affect them. At first glance, Okonkwo and Wang Lung seem to have no similarRead MoreMisogyny in Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad and Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe1129 Words   |  5 PagesMisogyny, the hatred or dislike of females, is a recurrent theme in World Literature. Women’s suffrage was at its prime between 1840 and 1920. Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad and Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, two stories based in Africa, show different points of misogyny, the first being from the time of women’s suffrage, and the latter being after the women’s suffrage movement. The value, view, and role of women was undermined greatly in these two novels. Heart of Darkness was publishedRead More Things Fall Apart Essay763 Words   |  4 PagesChinua Achebes Things Fall Apart shows an odd similarity between the cultures of Ancient Greece and the Lower Niger. Despite the fact that two societies can exist during different periods of time and have conflicting cultural values, their stories and behavior can have surprising overlaps. Things Fall Apart is structured like a Greek Tragedy in its use of a chorus and in the presence of a tragic hero whose actions ultimately lead to his downfall. The Egwugwu from Things Fall Apart act like the chorusRead MoreCoculturalism And Cosmopolitanism1749 Words   |  7 Pagesto take a step back and to realize that humans similarities and differences are a good thing and should be embraced, not disdained. The book Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe tells the story of a man named Okonkwo who belongs to the Igbo tribe. Okonkwo started with nothing and worked his way up to become one of the most powerful men in his tribe. Towards the end of the book, white men come and try to bring Christianity to Okonkwo and his tribe. Okonkwo and his tribe, being displeased with the comingRead MoreHeart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad vs. Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe1476 Words   |  6 PagesHeart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad and Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe are two novellas written to make a statement about the struggles of early societies. Both stories stir up moments of hope, anger, disappointment, despair, and enlightenment in an attempt to inform the reader of the injustices and societal differences during the 1800’s. Heart of Darkness tells the story from a European Colonist perspective while Things Fall Apart illustrates the outlook of the African tribe member being colonizedRead MoreThings Fall Apart And Heart Of Darkness Analysis910 Words   |  4 PagesAchebe’s Things Fall Apart with Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness In everyday life, we are always comparing, even subconsciously with even knowing it. When we compare things, we look at what the similarities are in said items such as a popular brand or a generic one. Comparing things such as two literary works, Things Fall Apart, by Chinua Achebe, and, Heart of Darkness, by Joseph Conrad, both have a lot of similarities that we will look at. In Things Fall Apart, it is about a man named Okonkwo whoRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe1414 Words   |  6 PagesAisne Richardson Ms. Talbott English 10 Accelerated December 4, 2015 Things Fall Apart Test 1. What are the similarities of â€Å"The Second Coming† by W.B Yeats and Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe? In Things Fall Apart, it appears like things happen to fall apart at whatever point Okonkwo builds trust. On the other side, the substance of â€Å"The Second Coming† recounted a chaotic world and a base that couldn t hold as its very own inner conflicts. In addition to the synonymous feeling both the book

Why Sleep Is Important For Memory - 1403 Words

Why Sleep is Important for Memory Sleep is a natural state of unconsciousness and is one of the most important human needs. Sleep is also an active process which affects all parts of the body and cannot be replaced by anything else. There are some conditions which have to be fulfilled to differentiate sleep from unconsciousness – for example sleep occurs periodically and can be interrupted at any time. People also sleep one third of their lives and we can be awakened up by stimulation from sleep by stimulation. Similar to animals, the human body, is not capable of 24 hours of continuous activity. Sleep has also many functions. During sleep, the brain recovers its functions. It is essential for anabolic and somatic reparation processes and immune system repair as well as the proper functioning of memory (during the REM phase). During sleep, our body temperature decreases, our breathing slows down, muscles repair and blood pressure declines. If we don’t have enough sleep we can have physical and psych ological problems. Sleep affects how we feel, look and how we performer on a daily basis. Usually a regular person should sleep seven to eight hours per night, but some people need to sleep more, others less. It depends on the person’s age, gender and individual needs. When people need to stay awake, for example, students have to study until late at night, people who have to work the overnight shift or work long hours, tend to drink coffee or a cup of tea or soda. CaffeineShow MoreRelatedSleep Is An Important Part Of Everyday Life Of A Human Being1704 Words   |  7 PagesSleep is an important part of the everyday life of a human being. There are multiple sleep cycles but in the process one of the most important stages is known as REM Sleep. REM also known as rapid eye movement is the very unique phase of sleep where the eyes begin to randomly move, and the extremities of the body become paralyzed while vivid dreaming begins to occur. This stage is the the most important for the consolidation of different memories and also in facial recognition and other mental p rocessesRead MoreDreams and Memory Consolidation Essay1297 Words   |  6 Pages Sleep is an extremely interesting phenomenon in which the mind almost completely departs from the usual realm of consciousness. It is distinguished from quiet wakefulness and a decreased ability to react to stimuli where we become less aware of our surroundings. However, it is more easily reversed than being in hibernation or a coma. It is a function that has been extensively researched by many. After all, we would not have evolved a mechanism that forces us to spend one-third of our lives sleepingRead MoreHow Does Memory Work Before Talking About What Goes Wrong?1273 Words   |  6 Pagessimplest things that it does is memory. To stop and think about what is memory and how does it work? What happens when something goes wrong and the brain cannot remember? How does a person live day to day without a memory? How does memory work before talking about what goes wrong? To begin with memory like everything else in the body there is a process that occurs; first it goes through encoding, storage, and retrieval.(This is the process of memory, each are very important and it is amazing how theRead MoreHow Can Help Improve Grades For College Students Essay1587 Words   |  7 Pagesprofessor, finding a tutor, but the one that is often overlooked is getting more sleep. Sleep is often the last thing on a college student’s mind and in most instances will be sacrificed first. Students who sleep less, have more irregular sleep, and report the latest bedtimes typically have lower grade point average (Onyper 319). For this reason, sleep should be looked at closely when trying to improve grades. The sleep needs required for the age group of 18-23 is 8 hours to perform at optimal levelsRead MoreThe Importance of Sleep Essay1681 Words   |  7 PagesSleep is an extremely interesting phenomenon in which the mind almost completely departs from the usual real m of consciousness. It is distinguished from quiet wakefulness and a decreased ability to react to stimuli where we become less aware of our surroundings. However, it is more easily reversed than being in hibernation or a coma. It is a function that has been extensively researched by many. After all, we would not have evolved a mechanism that forces us to spend one-third of our lives sleepingRead MoreSleep Can Improve Learning And Memory Essay1362 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Sleep can improve learning and memory. However whether the length and type of sleep whether this correlates to academic performance is unclear. Therefore the aim of the proposed experiment is to research whether length and type of sleep experienced correlates with academic performance It is hypothesised that longer sleep with more Non-REM sleep will correlate with higher academic performance. Participants will be randomly selected 1st year psychology students taking a mandatory 100 levelRead MoreEssay On Sleep Deprivation801 Words   |  4 PagesAround the world sleep deprivation could be detrimental to people lives and health. Without sleep Im a angry person I get real snappy and grumpy. I would like to know more about the effects of the lack of sleep that effects people’s lives. I know that without sleep you can’t function properly. Why do people choose to push themselves to the limit when they are tired? Who do sleep issues mainly effect? These are some of the questions that I have pertaining to sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation isRead MoreThe Effects Of Sleep On Our Bodies904 Words   |  4 Pagesafter a good night of sleep we feel recharged and happier, and if having gone without sleep for a while we may end up cranky and most likely cannot function correctly. But why do we feel better after waking up from a deep slumber and feel worse without sleep? Why do our bodies need to shut down for such a long period of time? Unfortunately scientists are still trying to find this answer themselves. Although through a sufficient amount of research, scientists have found out how sleep greatly impacts ourRead MoreThe Health Benefits Of Getting More Sleep857 Words   |  4 Pagesthat we sleep 24 years in a lifetime? Well let me tell you that there is a lot of people that sleep less than 24 years. Today I will present to you some of the surprising health benefits of getting more sleep And how with more sleep you can succeed in business and life On the contrary I will also tell you why you shouldn’t get to much sleep. Then I will have some time for questions is you have any Then I will finally conclude my presentation So let’s get started. To begin with sleep gives usRead MoreSleep Is A Periods Of Reduced Activity948 Words   |  4 Pageswhat is sleep? Sleep is a period of reduced activity. During sleep the body changes internally and externally. It rejuvenates and restores the body, and it follows a predictable pattern consisting of infiltrating Non-REM and REM sleep. Review of Research: Sleep is usually a time where the body is at a lying down position with the eyes shut. The outcome of sleeping is when the body’s receptivity to external stimuli is diminished (The Characteristics of Sleep, n.d.). Generally people define sleep as an

Gay Marriage Should Be Legal - 1434 Words

Gay marriage has slowly become a significant factor amongst individuals of today’s society. On June 26, 2015, it was ruled out by the U.S. Supreme Court that gay marriage was now legal. The first thing that I thought was that â€Å"Wasn’t it already legal in the United States?† Well, apparently no it has not been legalized in the United States! (Dumb me.) The U.S. is known to be a nation of equality and gives everyone the freedom of the speech, but it is actually a nation full of racism, sexism, and homophobias. Our country gives us the freedom to do many things, but to gay couples they don’t have much freedom as others do. We are violating their freedom because we aren’t letting them marry the one they love, so to say that everyone in the U.S. has the freedom to do anything is wrong. Our civil rights and the Constitution give us many liberties. One of our civil liberties is the pursuit of happiness, which many homosexual people are not allowed to c hase, but thanks to the new ruling of the U.S. Supreme Court homosexual people are allowed to chase it. They are being looked down at and are feeling ashamed of themselves because of all the cruelty that they are receiving. Homosexual people haven’t been able to fully express themselves until it was legalized for them to fully do so. They have been fighting for the right to be married to their same sex for about a decade now, and they have finally met their goal. #Lovewins. In this paper my goal is to help open people minds up aboutShow MoreRelatedGay Marriage Should Be Legal1205 Words   |  5 PagesHoward Sociology 1301-93431 Gay Marriage Getting married is something that most people do when they find love, which it is an important event in their life. The GLBT (gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender) community now get the legal right of same-sex marriage, which they have fought for throughout the years; on the other hand, some opponents of same-sex marriage have called fo r a constitutional change towards it. Although there were some countries that allowed gay marriage before the United StatesRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1159 Words   |  5 PagesAmendment, which puts a ban on gay marriage. This amendment entitles to equal rights to the gay community, ending toleration of discrimination in jobs, rights protecting gays from hate crimes,rights allowing advancement in government. However, the concept of gay marriage is still not considered a right the American people should extend to homosexuals. II. The vast majority of opponents believe marriage should be between one woman and one man, meaning marriage should be between members of the oppositeRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1574 Words   |  7 Pagesequal rights. Gays and lesbians are consistently denied rights that are typically taken for granted by the average American. Specifically, gay and lesbian couples are denied the right to marry even if they are outstanding citizens. They are held at an unfair disadvantage solely because of their sexual orientation. This discrimination must stop, because gay and lesbian couples are law-abiding citizens too, who should be afforded the same rights as heterosexual couples. Marriage is about love andRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1564 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is marriage? Recently, people argue with respect to the definition of marriage. What happened to marriage? To get married is a very important event for almost everyone. Especially for women, marriage and giv ing a birth could be the two biggest events of their lives. Many people believe that getting married to the one whom he or she loves is natural. However, what do you think if you cannot get married to him or her because it is socially unacceptable? 100 years ago different colored peopleRead MoreShould Gay Marriage Be Legal?778 Words   |  3 PagesShould Gay Marriage Be Legal? â€Å"†¦I now pronounce you husband and wife†¦Ã¢â‚¬  One would normally hear this when attending a wedding. In tradition marriage has been between one male and one female who love each other. But how would one feel if they heard â€Å"I now pronounce you groom and groom† or how about â€Å"†¦bride and bride...†? In the last 50 years the number of same-sex couples has increased. The on-going argument between the government and the people is â€Å"Should gay marriage be legal?† Although some sayRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1126 Words   |  5 PagesJune 26, 2015 for gay marriage to be legal in all fifty states, thirty seven out of the fifty and Washington D.C already legalized gay marriage. Many support gay marriage and many do not, with widespread values and reasons for and against it. Due to religion and rights people across the nation have differing views and opinions of it.In a five to four vote in the Supreme Court gay marriage becam e legalized in all fifty states. Shortly after that a few marriage officiators and marriage licenses peopleRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1179 Words   |  5 PagesGAY MARRIAGES Some states such as Iowa legalized gay marriage through the action of judicial interpretation based on the state’s constitutional stipulations while other states such as Vermont legalized gay marriage through legislation initiatives. These cases demonstrate the government is the sole body that can dictate the validity of whatever is to be regarded as a marriage, and in this case gay marriage. The power to validate marriage is still observed among the private citizens, religious institutionsRead MoreThe Gay Marriage Should Be Legal947 Words   |  4 PagesDefending Gay Marriage During the last few years, homosexuality has become an important issue for debate. Moreover, homosexuals have taken their case further by claiming their right to marry. Same-sex marriage, usually known as â€Å"gay marriage†, is the marriage between two people from the same biological sex (Doskow1). Since 2000, eleven countries have approved the legalization of gay marriage worldwide: Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Canada, South Africa, Norway, Sweden, Portugal, Iceland, ArgentinaRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1480 Words   |  6 PagesNew World Dictionary defines the word married as being husband and wife, yet there are millions of gay activists who are fighting for a new meaning. They believe marriage is more than a piece of paper and a set of rings. The hope is that marriage could be defined as a â€Å"public recognition of a private commitment† or â€Å"emotional, financial, and psychological bond† between two people (Sullivan 53). Gay activists belie ve that taking away the ability to have a publicly recognized relationship or an acceptedRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1351 Words   |  6 Pageshappened for United States, gay marriage became legal in all 50 states. In most states it already was but the remaining 13 became legal this year. There are many concerns regarding gay marriage, and the effects of them involve many legislative, cultural, religious and family issues. Gay marriage is controversial because a lot of people do not approve of it, they think it is immoral, unnatural, and not what the traditional concept of â€Å"marriage† really means. Opponents of gay marriage say it is only meant

Analysis on Successful and Failed Company Free Essays

Analysis on Failed Company 1. Kodak Kodak founded in 1880 by George Eastman. Eastman Kodak, the 131-year-old film pioneer that has been struggling for years to adapt to an increasingly digital world, filed for bankruptcy protection on January 2012. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis on Successful and Failed Company or any similar topic only for you Order Now (Merced, January 2012) Example: In 1996, Kodak introduces Advantix Preview film and camera system, which Kodak spent more than $500M to develop and launch. One of the key features of the Advantix system was that it allowed users to preview their shots and indicate how many prints they wanted. The Advantix Preview could do that because it was a digital camera. Yet it still used film and emphasized print because Kodak was in the photo film, chemical and paper business. Advantix flopped. (Mui, 2012). Reasons of Failure: Kodak’s strategic failure was the direct cause of Kodak’s decades-long decline as digital photography destroyed its film-based business model. Kodak’s missed opportunities in digital photography. Kodak management’s inability to see digital photography as a disruptive technology, even as its researchers extended the boundaries of the technology, would continue for decades. George Eastman, who twice adopted disruptive photographic technology, Kodak’s management in the 80’s and 90’s were unwilling to consider digital as a replacement for film. The transformation from analog cameras to digital camera was failed. This limited them to a fundamentally flawed path. They cannot compete with the gradual rise of the mobile phone camera ( Apple iPhone, Samsung) and others strong competitors ( Nikon, Olympus, Canon). Kodak mistakes that people, in after the picture will continue to print it out, but this kind of thing more and more impossible. From this perspective, photo sharing more for communication, rather than personal memories. 2. Pets. com (internet and new technology failure) Launched in August 1998, Pets. com was created to sell pets food and accessories via the internet. Users of the site could browse through different categories, choose products they like and have them conveniently delivered to their home. On 7 November 2000 Pets. com announced that it could no longer continue as a business, and as such became the first US dot. com on the stock market to close. Pets. com folded after having burned through $300 million in less than two years. Over 300 people lost their jobs and the site was shut down. In a statement made to the press on that same day, CEO Julie Wainwright explained the situation. ‘It is well known that this is a very, very difficult environment for business-to-consumer Internet companies,’ she said. Reasons of Failure: Perhaps the main problem was that Internet users weren’t ready to order their pet food online. After all, dog food is dog food, and there clearly weren’t enough people searching for rare pet items that they wouldn’t be able to find in their hometown. In 1998, people will rather driving down to the shops and getting the pet food and accessories on the spot, rather than wait a few days delivery period. The strategy of offering extreme discounts clearly wasn’t working. According to Dan Janal, author of Branding the Net, the cost per customer acquisition for Pets. com was about US $80. He said ‘There’s no way you make that back when you sell a product with a paper-thin margin†¦ ’ But its discount policy wasn’t Pets. com’s only problem. It had also introduced free shipping – which was proving increasingly expensive for the company to sustain, especially when customers were ordering very little. One of its major mistakes was the excessive spending on marketing and advertising. During its lifetime Pets. com spent more than $70 million on marketing and an average of $400 to acquire each new customer (Bucholtz, 2000). Pets. com advertised more heavily than any other online pet e-tailer. Pets. com spent too much money on building awareness, and too little time questioning whether its Web site was a viable business in the long term. 3. Tesco in Japan Japan is the smallest of Tesco’s 13 international businesses, consisting of 129 stores in greater Tokyo and making less than ? 500m in annual sales, according to analysts’ estimates. According to Guardian News (August 31, 2011) noted that Tesco has decided to sell its Japanese business after eight years there. On June 18, 2012 Tesco sell half its operatio ns in the country to Japanese retailer Aeon Corp. for a nominal sum, the first of a two-stage exit. The two companies will form a joint venture, with Tesco investing some 0 million pounds (($63 million) to finance further fund restructuring. After that, Tesco will have no further financial exposure to the Japanese business. Reasons of Failure: †¢Lackluster economic growth In the almost decade-long period (it entered in 2003 through acquisition of local player C Two-Network) it was operating in the market, the retailer never seemed able to gain scale and traction in a notoriously difficult retail sector. In 2011, Tesco Japan made trading losses of ? 35m. †¢Wrong partner In Japan, C Two-Network at the time of acquisition had 78 stores and annual revenues of less than $0. 5 bn. By any stretch of the imagination it was not a major player in the Japanese retail sector. Plus, some of its stores required plenty of investment. †¢Tough competition Tesco’s competitors had been operating before the entry of Tesco and had built strong market dominance. Launching Tesco Express seemed a logical move given the existing store portfolio and the format’s success elsewhere. However, it faced stiff competition from local c-store giants such as 7-Eleven, LAWSON, FamilyMart and Ministop. In addition, these players have also expanded into residential price-focused supermarkets – LAWSON STORE 100. Beside this, rivals such as Seven I and AEON have really invested in improving their own ranges in recent years. ? 4. Harley Davidson Harley Davidson (H-D), the American motorcycle manufacturer has a loyal brand following not only in the U. S. but also in many countries across the globe. It also introduced a range of accessories to match the bike. A chain of retail shops sold H-D branded merchandise like T-shirts, jackets, caps, gloves, helmets key chains, socks, ornaments etc. Reasons of failure: A brand over-extension In the 1990s, it extended the brand too far and moves into inappropriate categories. The company introduced products like ties, infant clothes, wine coolers, aftershave and perfumes. Even the loyal fans did not like the idea, as it did not resonate with the tough brand identity. However, Perfumes and wine coolers were eroding the mystery of the H-D brand. After strong criticism from the loyal customers, the company pulled of many inappropriate products. H-D had learnt a branding lesson. More products did not mean more revenue and overextending the brand meant a short-term focus. The company has now admitted its mistake, and stopped producing perfumes and other inappropriate products. . Pan Am Pan American World Airways was one of the most famous brands of airline on the planet in the 1980s. Pan American World Airways known as Pan Am was the principal and largest international air carrier in the United States from 1927 until it ceased operations on December 4, 1991. Reason of failure: †¢Tragedy – terrorist attack In 1988, disaster struck. A Pan Am plane (f light 103) on route from London to New York disappeared from radar somewhere above Scotland. Later it emerged that a bomb had gone off in the cargo area, causing aircraft to break in two. In total, 270 people were killed, including 11 on the ground. This horrible nature of the tragedy make Pan Am name was tarnished and could never recover. Despite the company’s constant promises of commitment to increasing its airline’s security, the public was simply not willing to fly with Pan Am due to decline in confidence. ? 6. Kellogg’s in India Kellogg offered Corn Flakes, Wheat flakes, Basmati rice flakes (ready to eat cereals) in India. Despite offering good quality and being supported by the technical, managerial and financial resources of its patent, Kellogg’s product failed in the Indian market. In April 1995, a 25% decline in sales happened in India. Reasons of failure: †¢Over confidence and ignorance of cultural aspects Kellogg’s believed that it is going to introduce the new breakfast products, heavily on the quality of crispy flakes. But pouring hot milk on the flakes made them soggy. Also Kellogg in its advertising campaigns hinted that the Indian breakfast was not nutrition and that Indian breakfast was not good for health. This deeply hurt the sentiments of the home maker. Once the home maker’s ego was hurt they psychologically turned themselves against the concept of corn flake based breakfast. Lack of understanding Indian consumer’s behavior and habits India is a country that has a history that comprises of traditional practices, which also include the regular and long followed eating habits. Kellogg’s failure was the fact that the taste of its products did not suit Indian breakfast habit. †¢Premium pricing policy Another reason for the low demand was deemed to be the premium pricing adopted by the company. The prices of its products were too much than the nearest competitors like Mohan’s Cornflakes. ? Analysis on Successful Company 7. Starbucks in China Howard Schultz, the CEO of Starbucks announced that China will become its largest market outside the United States. It has opened over 500 outlets in the country, which are more profitable per outlet than in the U. S. China will soon become the biggest market outside the United States for Starbucks. The keys to Starbucks were to: †¢Create products tailored to China’s unique cultural tastes Instead of trying to force onto the market the same products that work in the U. S, Starbucks developed flavors (e. g. green tea-flavored coffee drinks) that appeal to local tastes. Rather than pushing take-out orders, which account for the majority of American sales, Starbucks adapted to local consumer wants and promoted dine-in service. †¢Position its brand as â€Å"aspirational† to allow higher product pricing. The average coffee sold in China is far more expensive than in the U. S. Carrying a Starbucks cup is seen as a status symbol, a way to demonstrate sophistication and the capability to afford a personal luxury for the up-and-coming middle class in China. Starbuck’s high pricing strategy of specialty drinks allows it to have its Chinese outlets be more profitable per store in China despite the lower sales volume. Overall in Asia, its operating margins are 34. 6% in 2011 versus 21. 8% in the United States. †¢Differentiate itself from its competitors Starbucks build-in spacious, comfortable air-conditioned or heated stores attracting professionals for business meetings. Starbucks former strategy was centred in offering a high quality product to a narrow consumer segment (coffee lovers). By offering high quality, these lead customers to have a lower sensitiveness on price, opportunity for higher margins, and an increase of customer loyalty. ? 8. Subway The main reason for their success is they are going with the right trends. Since people now are more concern on healthy lifestyle, food with less calories and more nutritional food. Subway constant expansion has turned us from choosing McDonald to ‘Eat Fresh’ value meal. At the end of 2010, Subway had 33,749 restaurants worldwide, in comparison to McDonald’s which had 32,737, the BBC reports. A major promoter of the Subway brand, and a huge boost to the company’s image, has been Jared Fogel, the young man who decided to go on a diet that simply consisted of Subway sandwiches. He was hundreds of pounds overweight, and successfully lost this weight on his Subway diet. Subway achieved its rapid growth, in part, by opening outlets in non-traditional locations around the world. It had very strategic in planning its locations. These include a car showroom in California, an appliance store in Brazil, a ferry terminal in Seattle, a riverboat in Germany, a zoo in Taiwan, a Goodwill store in South Carolina, a high school in Detroit and even a church in New York, according to the Wall Street Journal. The Subway Restaurants are pretty small; this mean their cost are very low and can fit basically anywhere. Another great idea Subway had was to introduce the 5 dollar foot long. As money becomes tighter and tighter, consumers didn’t want to waste money on lunch. For 5 dollars, you can get a decent amount of their subs. The nice, round price that can be paid with one bill has led to a song and tons of sales. 9. Blackberry in Indonesia Compared to all countries in Southeast Asia, Indonesia does have the largest number of BlackBerry users. The BlackBerry came to Indonesia in 2004, when Research In Motion (RIM) formed a partnership with local telecommunications company PT Indosat. There are about three million BlackBerry subscribers in Indonesia. Atika Shubert , 2009). Blackberry discovers the habits of the users in Indonesia. Indonesians love to use their phones to type and chat. People from all walks of life here like to form online communities and share information, especially on their BBM profiles which is ideal for this type of social engagement. So they come out with the phone that with keyboards and touch screen function. The iPhone’s touch screen has less appeal in this respect. Another reason is price. Blackberry phones cost about $500 when sold new, compared to an iPhone that costs around $900. But if bought on Indonesia’s â€Å"gray market† — in order words, smuggled in tax free — then a BlackBerry can be purchased for around $300. That caters not just to Indonesia’s high-end businessmen but also to the country’s growing and fashion-conscious middle class. (Atika Shubert , 2009). Another reason is accessibility. Indonesia’s Internet infrastructure is expensive and not always reliable. Getting a home broadband connection can cost as much as $100 a month. For many Indonesians, it’s easier, and cheaper, to get a web-enabled phone. (Atika Shubert , 2009). 10. Tesco in South Korea Tesco had been evolving itself, adjusting to the local market. It even change the name itself from Tesco to Home plus. When grocery chain Tesco wanted to expand their market share in South Korea without increasing the number of stores. They came up with a brilliant idea. Due to the people in South Korea work long hours and less leisure time. Also increase populations possess smart phones. They thought of an efficient way to sell their products. The Korean subsidiary Home Plus put up billboards in subway stations with their range of products, accompanied by QR, or Quick Response codes. All people had to do now is scan the QR codes with their cell phone and the groceries were delivered to their doorsteps. The South Korean market remains Tesco’s largest international business with sales of ? 4. 5bn and profits of almost ? 300m. (ReWiring Businees, 2011). According to Tesco’s Business Review in Asia, their Home plus concept is delivering remarkable results with sales growth of 33% and profits went up to over 50% in South Korea. They otherwise continue to make good progression with establishing a strong brand in Asian markets. List of references Atika Shubert (December 28, 2009). CNN tech: BlackBerry boom in Indonesia. Available from the world web: http://articles. cnn. com/2009-12-28/tech/indonesia. blackberry_1_blackberry-phones-iphone-mobile-phone? _s=PM:TECH Brand Failure (November 14, 2006). Internet and new technology failures: Pets. com. Available from the world web: http://brandfailures. blogspot. com/2006/11/internet-and-new-technology-failures. html Casestudyinc. com (Mar 12, 2012). A brand extension mistake by Harley Davidson . Available from the world web: http://www. casestudyinc. om/harley-davidson-brand-extension-failure Gray, Paul (December 23, 2009). Pets. com – A Classic Example of Product Development Failure. Available from the world web: http://www. brainmates. com. au/brainrants/pets-com-%E2%80%93-a-classic-example-of-product-development-failure Merced, Michael J. De La (January 19, 2012). New York Times: Eastman Kodak Files for Bankruptcy. Available from the world web: http://dealbook. nytimes. c om/2012/01/19/eastman-kodak-files-for-bankruptcy/ ReWiring Business (July 4, 2011). Tesco goes virtual again – Application of few success factors in South Korean retail business. Available from the world web: http://www. rewiringbusiness. co. uk/tesco-goes-virtual-again-%E2%80%93-application-of-few-success-factors-in-south-korean-retail-business/ Mui, Chunka (January 19, 2012). How Kodak Failed. Available from the world web: http://www. forbes. com/sites/chunkamui/2012/01/18/how-kodak-failed/3/ USA Today ( Feb 10, 2012). Rein, Shaun, CNBC. com Contributor: Why Starbucks succeeds in China and others haven’t. Available from the world web: http://www. usatoday. com/money/industries/food/story/2012-02-12/cnbc-starbucks-secrets-of-china-success/53040820/1 How to cite Analysis on Successful and Failed Company, Papers

Office Tax Procedures

Questions: 1. What is a fringe benefit and provide an example? 2. What criteria need to be satisfied for something to be deemed a fringe benefit? 3. Explain what general deductions for tax purposes are and provide at least 5 examples? Answers: (1). Fringe Benefit is a privilege or reward or advantage provided by an employer to his employees or labourers against which the employer has to pay taxes at the rates specified by Income Tax Authorities, Some of these benefits are exempted (Ball, 2015). Fringe benefits generally provided to employees for giving them non- cash allowances to provide them good and advantageous to both the provider and receiver under work culture so that they work more efficiently and effectively. Examples of such fringe benefits are House Rent Allowance, Rewards on achieving beyond the targeted goals, Provident Funds, Mediclaims, Education Claims, Travelling Allowances, Stock Options are several allowances provided by employers. (2). Criteria that is required to be satisfied for anything to be a deemed fringe benefit is there should be outflow of values material to the provider either in the form of cash or kind to the receiver. The receiver need to use the benefits in one calendar year otherwise those benefits provided gets lapsed ((Ball, 2015). (3). All the assesses are required to pay tax on their income as per the provisions laid under Income Tax Act in the year of assessment. Taxable income is derived by inclusion of all the incomes and gains deducted by expenses and losses and certain exempted incomes. These expenses and losses allowable for deductions are called general deductions (Gangl, Hofmann and Kirchler, 2015). These general deductions qualify for deductible only if they satisfy certain conditions as provided in the Act which are as follows: General deductions are allowed for assesses carrying business on trade and have been incurred in the generation of its income. Deductions can be claimed only for the expenses or losses actually incurred by the taxpayer either in the form of cash or in the value materially ascertainable. No deductions are allowed for losses or expenses in Capital or of Contingent nature, it has to be of Revenue nature. Expenses or losses are allowable as deductions only if they are incurred in the year of assessment i.e. any advance or outstanding payments does not qualify for general deductions. Examples of general deductions: Cost of productions Travelling expenses Audit expenses Accounting expenses Payments of rent Depreciation charges Loss on sale of assets. Reference List: Ball, T., 2015. International Tax Compliance Agreements and Swiss Bank Privacy Law: A Model Protecting a Principled History.Geo. Wash. Int'l L. Rev.,48, p.233. Dinis, A., Lopes, C. and Silva, A., 2015.Tax evasion and tax fraud in the bankruptcy process: empirical evidence from Portugal. OBEGEF-Observatrio de Economia e Gesto de Fraude. Gangl, K., Hofmann, E. and Kirchler, E., 2015. Tax authorities' interaction with taxpayers: A conception of compliance in social dilemmas by power and trust.New ideas in psychology,37, pp.13-23. Gangl, K., Kirchler, E., Lorenz, C. and Torgler, B., 2015. Wealthy Tax Non-Filers in a Developing Nation: The Roles of Taxpayer Knowledge, Perceived Corruption and Service Orientation in Pakistan.WU International Taxation Research Paper Series, (2015-26).

Leviathan By Hobbes Essays - Libertarian Theory, Sovereignty

Leviathan By Hobbes Thomas Hobbes in his book Leviathan, during the course of his argument about the social contract we make to surrender our rights of nature a sovereign in exchange for order and peace touches the subject of liberty. Hobbes defines liberty as "the absence of opposition( by opposition, I mean external impediments of motion)." (Ch 21, p.136). In his argument, Hobbes claims that this state of liberty is man's natural state in which man fully exercises his rights of nature. Hobbes claims that this state of nature leads to warfare and a short life of strife due to everyone exercising or violating these rights. The answer then to Hobbes is for every one to forfeit these rights of nature and create the social contract and surrender to a sovereign in exchange for order. Though how much liberty is left to the subject once entering the social contract? Hobbes states "The liberty of a subject lieth, therefore, only in those things which, in regulating their actions, the sovereign hath praetermitted (such as is the liberty to buy, and sell, and and otherwise contract with one another; to choose their own abode, their own diet, their own trade of life, and institute their children as the themselves think fit; and the like)." (Ch21, p. 138). In other words the only liberty of subjects is that which is not regulated by any law created by the sovereign to whom all natural rights and liberty are surrendered to by agreeing to the social contract. According to the quote subjects are only free to conduct personal business as see fit, such as eating, sleeping, day to day business dealing, how one chooses to upbringing their children. It implies that upon entering the social contract the subject's liberty or unrestricted movement is now forfeited except in any area that the sovereign has not decided to regulate by passing laws regulate or is impossible to. Hobbes overall argument asserts that in order to escape the war filled state of nature we must surrender our natural rights(liberty/absence of restriction) and liberty and pledge our obedience to the sovereign in exchange for the creation of a peaceful orderly society. Thus we agree to the social contract where the sovereign(who is outside the contract) is supreme. While we give up our liberty in exchange for order, the Sovereign retains all his rights to nature and is accountable only to God. Why does the sovereign retain his liberty, while we only retain that which the sovereign has decided not to regulate? because the sovereign uses his liberty to act on our behalf. We in theory are the author of every action decided by the sovereign who in theory acts only in our interest because it would benefit the sovereign to do so.

Free Essays on Puff Daddy

Biography Sean â€Å"Puffy† Combs has established himself as one of the biggest names in hip-hop (Heal). Combs a Harlem native whose father was killed when he was only 3 years old, rose from the mean streets to the top of the music business (AP wire, March 18). â€Å"It is true that he started from scratch, and I don’t think that because he was arrested, people will stop buying his albums (AP wire, March 18). Before pursuing his career as a vocalist, Combs was a business-minded Howard University student and an intern at Andre Harrell’s Uptown Records. Combs soon became the A&R representative for Uptown. He then began producing for soon to be mega-stars Mary J. Blige, Heavy D., and Jodeci to name a few. After being let go by Uptown Records (for reasons unknown to this day), Combs took his act over to Clive Davis’ Arista Records distribution team in late 1993 (who are rumored to have paid an estimated $75 million dollars to establish his own record label, B ad Boy (Heal). With the deal cemented with Arista, Sean Combs was about to embark on the greatest mission of his life. Turn Bad Boy Records from an unknown label into one of the most powerful world entertainment companies ever to be helmed by someone in their twenties. Strengths One only has to look at the Bad Boy roster of acts and the strong catalog to see that this is one their biggest strengths. They had early success starting in 1994 when Combs released his child hood friends album â€Å"Ready To Die†. That childhood friend was none other than Christopher Wallace a.k.a. â€Å"The Notorious B.I.G.†. B.I.G’s singles â€Å"Juicy†, â€Å"Warning†, and, â€Å"Big Poppa† took the then unknown label to new heights in the spring and summer of 1994 (Heal). Following the platinum success of Biggie and Craig Mack, other known artists clamored to have their songs graced by Combs magic touch. Artists such as New Edition, KRS-One, Mariah Carey, Lil K im and others wanted their re-mixes done by the... Free Essays on Puff Daddy Free Essays on Puff Daddy Biography Sean â€Å"Puffy† Combs has established himself as one of the biggest names in hip-hop (Heal). Combs a Harlem native whose father was killed when he was only 3 years old, rose from the mean streets to the top of the music business (AP wire, March 18). â€Å"It is true that he started from scratch, and I don’t think that because he was arrested, people will stop buying his albums (AP wire, March 18). Before pursuing his career as a vocalist, Combs was a business-minded Howard University student and an intern at Andre Harrell’s Uptown Records. Combs soon became the A&R representative for Uptown. He then began producing for soon to be mega-stars Mary J. Blige, Heavy D., and Jodeci to name a few. After being let go by Uptown Records (for reasons unknown to this day), Combs took his act over to Clive Davis’ Arista Records distribution team in late 1993 (who are rumored to have paid an estimated $75 million dollars to establish his own record label, B ad Boy (Heal). With the deal cemented with Arista, Sean Combs was about to embark on the greatest mission of his life. Turn Bad Boy Records from an unknown label into one of the most powerful world entertainment companies ever to be helmed by someone in their twenties. Strengths One only has to look at the Bad Boy roster of acts and the strong catalog to see that this is one their biggest strengths. They had early success starting in 1994 when Combs released his child hood friends album â€Å"Ready To Die†. That childhood friend was none other than Christopher Wallace a.k.a. â€Å"The Notorious B.I.G.†. B.I.G’s singles â€Å"Juicy†, â€Å"Warning†, and, â€Å"Big Poppa† took the then unknown label to new heights in the spring and summer of 1994 (Heal). Following the platinum success of Biggie and Craig Mack, other known artists clamored to have their songs graced by Combs magic touch. Artists such as New Edition, KRS-One, Mariah Carey, Lil K im and others wanted their re-mixes done by the...

Sigmund Freud - The Father of Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud - The Father of Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud is best known as the creator of the therapeutic technique known as psychoanalysis. The Austrian-born psychiatrist greatly contributed to the understanding of human psychology in areas such as the unconscious mind, sexuality, and dream interpretation.  Freud was also among the first to recognize the significance of emotional events that occur in childhood. Although many of his theories have since fallen out of favor, Freud profoundly influenced psychiatric practice in the twentieth century. Dates: May 6, 1856 September 23, 1939 Also Known As: Sigismund Schlomo Freud (born as); Father of Psychoanalysis Famous Quote: The ego is not master in its own house. Childhood in Austria-Hungary Sigismund Freud (later know as Sigmund) was born on May 6, 1856, in the town of Frieberg in the Austro-Hungarian Empire (present-day Czech Republic). He was the first child of Jacob and Amalia Freud and would be followed by two brothers and four sisters. It was the second marriage for Jacob, who had two adult sons from a previous wife. Jacob set up business as a wool merchant but struggled to earn enough money to take care of his growing family. Jacob and Amalia raised their family as culturally Jewish, but were not especially religious in practice. The family moved to Vienna in 1859, taking up residence in the only place they could afford the Leopoldstadt slum. Jacob and Amalia, however, had reason to hope for a better future for their children. Reforms enacted by Emperor Franz Joseph in 1849 had officially abolished discrimination against Jews, lifting restrictions previously placed upon them. Although anti-Semitism still existed, Jews were, by law, free to enjoy the privileges of full citizenship, such as opening a business, entering a profession, and owning real estate. Unfortunately, Jacob was not a successful businessman and the Freuds were forced to live in a shabby, one-room apartment for several years. Young Freud began school at the age of nine and quickly rose to the head of the class. He became a voracious reader and mastered several languages. Freud began to record his dreams in a notebook as an adolescent, displaying a fascination for what would later become a key element of his theories. Following graduation from high school, Freud enrolled at the University of Vienna in 1873 to study zoology. Between his coursework and lab research, he would remain at the university for nine years. Attending University and Finding Love As his mothers undisputed favorite, Freud enjoyed privileges that his siblings did not. He was given his own room at home (they now lived in a larger apartment), while the others shared bedrooms. The younger children had to maintain quiet in the house so that Sigi (as his mother called him) could concentrate on his studies. Freud changed his first name to Sigmund in 1878. Early in his college years, Freud decided to pursue medicine, although he didnt envision himself caring for patients in a traditional sense. He was fascinated by bacteriology, the new branch of science whose focus was the study of organisms and the diseases they caused. Freud became a lab assistant to one of his professors, performing research on the nervous systems of lower animals such as fish and eels. After completing his medical degree in 1881, Freud began a three-year internship at a Vienna hospital, while continuing to work at the university on research projects. While Freud gained satisfaction from his painstaking work with the microscope, he realized that there was little money in research. He knew he must find a well-paying job and soon found himself more motivated than ever to do so. In 1882, Freud met Martha Bernays, a friend of his sister. The two were immediately attracted to one another and became engaged within months of meeting. The engagement lasted four years, as Freud (still living in his parents home) worked to make enough money to be able to marry and support Martha. Freud the Researcher Intrigued by the theories on brain function that were emerging during the late 19th century, Freud opted to specialize in neurology. Many neurologists of that era sought to find an anatomical cause for mental illness within the brain. Freud also sought that proof in his research, which involved the dissection and study of brains. He became knowledgeable enough to give lectures on brain anatomy to other physicians. Freud eventually found a position at a private childrens hospital in Vienna. In addition to studying childhood diseases, he developed a special interest in patients with mental and emotional disorders. Freud was disturbed by the current methods used to treat the mentally ill, such as long-term incarceration, hydrotherapy (spraying patients with a hose), and the dangerous (and poorly-understood) application of electric shock. He aspired to find a better, more humane method. One of Freuds early experiments did little to help his professional reputation. In 1884, Freud published a paper detailing his experimentation with cocaine as a remedy for mental and physical ailments. He sang the praises of the drug, which he administered to himself as a cure for headaches and anxiety. Freud shelved the study after numerous cases of addiction were reported by those using the drug medicinally. Hysteria and Hypnosis In 1885, Freud traveled to Paris, having received a grant to study with pioneering neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot. The French physician had recently resurrected the use of hypnosis, made popular a century earlier by Dr. Franz Mesmer. Charcot specialized in the treatment of patients with hysteria, the catch-all name for an ailment with various symptoms, ranging from depression to seizures and paralysis, which mainly affected women. Charcot believed that most cases of hysteria originated in the patients mind and should be treated as such. He held public demonstrations, during which he would hypnotize patients (placing them into a trance) and induce their symptoms, one at a time, then remove them by suggestion. Although some observers (especially those in the medical community) viewed it with suspicion, hypnosis did seem to work on some patients. Freud was greatly influenced by Charcots method, which illustrated the powerful role that words could play in the treatment of mental illness. He also came to adopt the belief that some physical ailments might originate in the mind, rather than in the body alone. Private Practice and Anna O Returning to Vienna in February 1886, Freud opened a private practice as a specialist in the treatment of nervous diseases. As his practice grew, he finally earned enough money to marry Martha Bernays in September 1886. The couple moved into an apartment in a middle-class neighborhood in the heart of Vienna. Their first child, Mathilde, was born in 1887, followed by three sons and two daughters over the next eight years. Freud began to receive referrals from other physicians to treat their most challenging patients hysterics who did not improve with treatment. Freud used hypnosis with these patients and encouraged them to talk about past events in their lives. He dutifully wrote down all that he learned from them traumatic memories, as well as their dreams and fantasies. One of Freuds most important mentors during this time was Viennese physician Josef Breuer. Through Breuer, Freud learned about a patient whose case had an enormous influence upon Freud and the development of his theories. Anna O (real name Bertha Pappenheim) was the pseudonym of one of Breuers hysteria patients who had proved especially difficult to treat. She suffered from numerous physical complaints, including arm paralysis, dizziness, and temporary deafness. Breuer treated Anna by using what the patient herself called the talking cure. She and Breuer were able to trace a particular symptom back to an actual event in her life that might have triggered it. In talking about the experience, Anna found that she felt a sense of relief, leading to a diminishment or even the disappearance of a symptom. Thus, Anna O became the first patient to have undergone psychoanalysis, a term coined by Freud himself. The Unconscious Inspired by the case of Anna O, Freud incorporated the talking cure into his own practice. Before long, he did away with the hypnosis aspect, focusing instead upon listening to his patients and asking them questions. Later, he asked fewer questions, allowing his patients to talk about whatever came to mind, a method known as free association. As always, Freud kept meticulous notes on everything his patients said, referring to such documentation as a case study. He considered this his scientific data. As Freud gained experience as a psychoanalyst, he developed a concept of the human mind as an iceberg, noting that a major portion of the mind the part that lacked awareness existed under the surface of the water. He referred to this as the â€Å"unconscious.† Other early psychologists of the day held a similar belief, but Freud was the first to attempt to systematically study the unconscious in a scientific way. Freuds theory that humans are not aware of all of their own thoughts, and might often act upon unconscious motives was considered a radical one in its time. His ideas were not well-received by other physicians because he could not unequivocally prove them. In an effort to explain his theories, Freud co-authored Studies in Hysteria with Breuer in 1895. The book did not sell well, but Freud was undeterred. He was certain that he had uncovered a great secret about the human mind. (Many people now commonly use the term Freudian slip to refer to a verbal mistake that potentially reveals an unconscious thought or belief.) The Analysts Couch Freud conducted his hour-long psychoanalytic sessions in a separate apartment located in his familys apartment building at Berggasse 19 (now a museum). It was his office for nearly half a century. The cluttered room was filled with books, paintings, and small sculptures. At its center was a horsehair sofa, upon which Freuds patients reclined while they talked to the doctor, who sat in a chair, out of view. (Freud believed that his patients would speak more freely if they were not looking directly at him.) He maintained a neutrality, never passing judgment or offering suggestions. The main goal of therapy, Freud believed, was to bring the patients repressed thoughts and memories to a conscious level, where they could be acknowledged and addressed. For many of his patients, the treatment was a success; thus inspiring them to refer their friends to Freud. As his reputation grew by word of mouth, Freud was able to charge more for his sessions. He worked up to 16 hours a day as his list of clientele expanded. Self-Analysis and the Oedipus Complex After the 1896 death of his 80-year-old father, Freud felt compelled to learn more about his own psyche. He decided to psychoanalyze himself, setting aside a portion of each day to examine his own memories and dreams, beginning with his early childhood. During these sessions, Freud developed his theory of the Oedipal complex (named for the Greek tragedy), in which he proposed that all young boys are attracted to their mothers and view their fathers as rivals. As a normal child matured, he would grow away from his mother. Freud described a similar scenario for fathers and daughters, calling it the Electra complex (also from Greek mythology). Freud also came up with the controversial concept of penis envy, in which he touted the male gender as the ideal. He believed that every girl harbored a deep wish to be a male. Only when a girl renounced her wish to be a male (and her attraction to her father) could she identify with the female gender. Many subsequent psychoanalysts rejected that notion. The Interpretation of Dreams Freuds fascination with dreams was also stimulated during his self-analysis. Convinced that dreams shed light upon unconscious feelings and desires, Freud began an analysis of his own dreams and those of his family and patients. He determined that dreams were an expression of repressed wishes and thus could be analyzed in terms of their symbolism. Freud published the groundbreaking study The Interpretation of Dreams in 1900. Although he received some favorable reviews, Freud was disappointed by sluggish sales and the overall tepid response to the book. However, as Freud became better known, several more editions had to be printed to keep up with popular demand. Freud soon gained a small following of students of psychology, which included Carl Jung, among others who later became prominent. The group of men met weekly for discussions at Freuds apartment. As they grew in number and influence, the men came to call themselves the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. The Society held the first international psychoanalytic conference in 1908. Over the years, Freud, who had a tendency to be unyielding and combative, eventually broke off communication with nearly all of the men. Freud and Jung Freud maintained a close relationship with Carl Jung, a Swiss psychologist who embraced many of Freuds theories. When Freud was invited to speak at Clark University in Massachusetts in 1909, he asked Jung to accompany him. Unfortunately, their relationship suffered from the stresses of the trip. Freud did not acclimate well to being in an unfamiliar environment and became moody and difficult. Nonetheless, Freuds speech at Clark was quite successful. He impressed several prominent American physicians, convincing them of the merits of psychoanalysis. Freuds thorough, well-written case studies, with compelling titles such as The Rat Boy, also received praise. Freuds fame grew exponentially following his trip to the United States. At 53, he felt that his work was finally receiving the attention it deserved. Freuds methods, once considered highly unconventional, were now deemed accepted practice. Carl Jung, however, increasingly questioned Freuds ideas. Jung didnt agree that all mental illness originated in childhood trauma, nor did he believe that a mother was an object of her sons desire. Yet Freud resisted any suggestion that he might be wrong. By 1913, Jung and Freud had severed all ties with one another. Jung developed his own theories and became a highly influential psychologist in his own right. Id, Ego, and Superego Following the assassination of Austrian archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, thus drawing several other nations into the conflict which became World War I. Although the war had effectively put an end to the further development of psychoanalytic theory, Freud managed to stay busy and productive. He revised his previous concept of the structure of the human mind. Freud now proposed that the mind comprised three parts: the Id (the unconscious, impulsive portion that deals with urges and instinct), the Ego (the practical and rational decision-maker), and the Superego (an internal voice that determined right from wrong, a conscience of sorts).   During the war, Freud actually used this three-part theory to examine entire countries. At the end of World War I, Freuds psychoanalytic theory unexpectedly gained a wider following. Many veterans returned from battle with emotional problems. Initially termed shell shock, the condition resulted from psychological trauma experienced on the battlefield. Desperate to help these men, doctors employed Freuds talk therapy, encouraging the soldiers to describe their experiences. The therapy seemed to help in many instances, creating a renewed respect for Sigmund Freud. Later Years By the 1920s, Freud had become internationally known as an influential scholar and practitioner. He was proud of his youngest daughter, Anna, his greatest disciple, who distinguished herself as the founder of child psychoanalysis. In 1923, Freud was diagnosed with oral cancer, the consequence of decades of smoking cigars. He endured more than 30 surgeries, including the removal of part of his jaw. Although he suffered a great deal of pain, Freud refused to take painkillers, fearing that they might cloud his thinking. He continued to write, focusing more on his own philosophies and musings rather than the topic of psychology. As Adolf Hitler gained control throughout Europe in the mid-1930s, those Jews who were able to get out began to leave. Freuds friends tried to convince him to leave Vienna, but he resisted even when the Nazis occupied Austria. When the Gestapo briefly took Anna into custody, Freud finally realized it was no longer safe to stay. He was able to obtain exit visas for himself and his immediate family, and they fled to London in 1938. Sadly, four of Freuds sisters died in Nazi concentration camps. Freud lived only a year and a half after moving to London. As cancer advanced into his face, Freud could no longer tolerate the pain. With the help of a physician friend, Freud was given an intentional overdose of morphine and died on September 23, 1939 at the age of 83.